1、高考英语语法突破四大篇讲义第三部分 专题3介词专题3介词框架结构图介词的句法功能1.介词不能单独使用，但“介词宾语”构成的介词短语可在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。2.介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词不定式、wh-从句等。介词的核心考点介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。1.介词搭配(1)“动词介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“夺去，除去”意义的动词与of 连用)su
2、pply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作，制造”意义的动词与of，from，into连用)“介词the部位”与动词的关系(动词sb.s部位，可换用)strike him on the head(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与on连用)catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与by连用)hit the boy in the
3、face(表示“肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用)prevent(stop，keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与from连用)persuade(advise，warn) sb.into doing sth.(表示“说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与into连用)buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)give(allow，promise，pas
4、s，hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)注意：可换成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter回信，sing/dance to the music和着音乐唱/跳，amount to 达到，加起来有，devote.to把贡献给，drink to为干杯，object to反对，loo
5、k forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于；search for搜索，ask for请求，use.for把用作，leave for前往，take.for把误以为，call for要求，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补；turn to求助/救于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare.to把比作，send for派人去请/拿，sail for驶向，起航，set out for动身去，go in for爱好(3)常见的“形容词介词”搭配。be worthy of值得的，be far from离远
6、，be grateful to sb.for sth.为某事感激某人，be free from没有/免除，be proud of为自豪，be satisfied with/by对满意，be sure of/about确信，be fond of喜欢，be fit for适合，be busy with sth./in doing sth.忙着做某事，be full of充满，be ready for准备，be similar to与相似(4)“名词介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。the absence of water缺水the hope of success成功的希望have a chance of/
7、for entering college上大学的机会take pride in them为他们感到骄傲the key to the question问题的答案a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药the ticket for tomorrow明天的票his absence the way 2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first
8、week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注意：in five days(weeks，months，years)中in意为“在以后”。(2)表示具体的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上，常用on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(区别at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve(在圣诞节前夕)，on Childr
9、ens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening) of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用at，如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at sixat noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the ti
10、me of war(区别in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些时间名词前不接介词，如next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years。one，each，any，every，some，all修饰时间名词时，一般不用介词，如some day，one day，all afternoon。(4)till，until的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10
11、 a.m.注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。Not until 9 a.m.did Mr Smith come back to school.(5)in，later，after的用法。in一段时间：表示说话时为起点的一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在之内”时，用于各种时态。一段时间later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after一段时间：表示“在之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为时间点时，只能用after，即after时间点，用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minut
12、es.She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，in一段时间stime与within一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语)Ill finish the book within tw
13、o weeks.(withinin less than.用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在之内”)(6)地点介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在较小的场所；in在较大的场所；on在的平面上。如at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。on，at，in，off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接，用on；无边缘的
14、衔接，用to；A在B附近，用off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest
15、.over，above译作“在之上”；under，below译作“在的下面”，其区别在于over，under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above，below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线).The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天
16、。如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(注意to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计)。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用电，by machinery用机器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience
17、，through the telescope交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外：by means of 用方法；by way of 经由，取道于，用方法；with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.s help(permission)在某人的帮助(许可)下。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具/器械)
18、One smells with his nose.(with人体器官，区别by hand手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如：in English(ink，pencil)。(8)表示“除之外”的常用词。besides 除以外(还有)。作副词时意为“而且，更何况”。There will be five of us for dinner，besides John.It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except除去，除之外(不再有)。
19、We all went except John.注意：在否定句中，besides与except可以换用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for除了(对句子主要意思进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与“except that句子”意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but与exceptbut和
20、except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to)(C)but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不做某事，can not help but do sth.不得不做某事，but for.若不
21、是(9)between与amongbetween通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can
22、 be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之间。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(在内部达成一致)London is among the largest cities.(one of，可与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词(短语)for，because of，due to。He didnt come to the meeting b
23、ecause of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11)不定式的复合结构中的for，of。这里所说的不定式的复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式的逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to exp
24、lain why.注意：It isadj.of/for sb.to do sth.中，如果表语形容词是说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of；如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用for。(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。after，since，till/until，before这些词既是介词，又可作连词。They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词)The children went home at once after school.(介词)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介词
25、可兼作副词。He ran down the hill.(介词)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副词)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。All the students got to school before me.(介词)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)Havent I seen you before？(副词)(13)介词的省略。某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.She
26、 spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。要求接to的名词有：key，answer，solution，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。The key to success is preparation.要求接in 的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。He is an expert in teaching little children.1.句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少2.因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱
27、、搭配不当等错误(误)I often come to school take bus，but sometimes I come by my fathers car.(正)I often come to school by bus，but sometimes I come in my fathers car.3.英汉差异造成的介词错用考向1常见介词的考查.单句语法填空1.I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home for dinner，get a few cooking tips from her.(2018浙江)解析此处指去母亲家
28、吃饭，表示目的用介词for，故填for。2.This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease.(2017全国)解析此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词as。3.After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before goi
29、ng to university to get a degree in engineering or architecture.(2017全国)解析关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。a degree in engineering or architecture工程学或建筑学学位。4.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat with their hands.(2016全国)解析with ones hands 用某人的手。介词with意为“用”。5.Th
30、e mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two years.(2016四川)解析“for时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。6.For those who fly to Guilin，its only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015全国)解析根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。7.One day，the cow was
31、 eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away，she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living without the cow.(2015广东)解析根据文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填without。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years.(2018全国)解析时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不
