1、代词形容词副词介词连词【本讲教育信息】一、教学内容：专题复习一 代词、形容词、副词、介词、连词1.考点释疑2.知识清单3.经典再现 二、知识总结与归纳（一）代词 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 （1）人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。 e.g. : She gave me a red apple.她给了我一个红苹果。 (she作主语，me作动词宾语) Kathy is near him.凯西靠近他。(him作介词near的宾语) (2)物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。 形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their sc
2、hool，his backpack 名词性物主代词相当于一个名词，在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。 e. g. : It isnt my pen. Mine(=my pen) is missing. (作主语) I left my pen at home. You can use hers(=her pen). (作宾语) “of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。 eg. a cat of hers她的一条狗，a friend of yours你的一个朋友 (3)反身代词 反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的宾语。 eg. A few days later
3、，I myself had to go to Paris. (作同位语) She bought herself a new bag. (作动词宾语) Hes not worried about himself. (作介词宾语) 带有反身代词的常用短语。 teach oneself自学 help oneself to随便吃些吧 say to oneself自言自语. learn. . . by oneself自学 enjoy oneself过得愉快 leave one by oneself把某人单独留下 hurt oneself伤了自己 dress oneself自己穿衣服 come to on
4、eself苏醒过来 (4)相互代词 表示相互关系，可用作动词或介词的宾语，用法区别不大。 eg. For years，the two sisters looked after one another(each other).多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。 We should learn from each other. 我们应当互相学习。 可以用所有格来表示所有关系：each others， one anothers互相的，彼此的 eg. They are looking at each others pictures.他们相互看对方的照片。 (5)指示代词 指示代词有单复数之分，既可指物，也可用于介
5、绍人。 e. g. : This is an apple tree，and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树，那是一棵桔子树。 These are my friends，and that is my sister.这些是我朋友，那个是我姐姐。 指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情： eg. Steve had a bad cold. ThisThat was why he didnt come to school yesterday 2.不定代词的用法 (1)each，every，both，all，either，neither，no，none的用法 each “每个各个
6、”(强调个体)，用于两者或两者以上。 eg. Two girls came and I gave an apple to each.来了俩姑娘，我给她们每人一个苹果。 Each of them has a nice ring. 她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。 every “每个各个”(强调全体)，用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。 eg. Every day is important to us.每一天对我们来说都很重要。 He has read every book(all the books) on the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。 both表示两者“都”(强调全体)
7、。 eg. Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生。 Both of them are doctors.他俩都是医生。 They both like potatoes.他俩都喜欢吃土豆。 all“全体大家一切”用于三者以上，也可接不可数名词。 eg. Thats all for today.今天到此为止。 All of us are fromChina.我们都来自中国。 All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。 either“两者之一”，用于两者(强调个体)。 eg. The two coats are cheap，so you
8、 can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵，你可以随便挑一件。 neither“两个都不”，用于否定两者。 eg. Neither of the books isare so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。 no(=not anynot a)“没有”可接可数名词单或复数，也可接不可数名词。 eg. I have no brothers or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹。 A clock has no mouth，but it can talk. 钟表没有嘴，但能说话。 There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有
9、烟。 none“没有一个人物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名词。 eg. None of them hashave been to Japan.他们都没去过日本。 I like none of the books.这些书我全都不喜欢。 neither和none表示完全否定；all，both，each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。 eg. I dont know all of you.我不完全认识你们。 Not everyone of us know how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。 (2)one，ones和no one的用法
10、one用来代替前面刚提到的一件东西或一个人，以免重复；复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人；no one表示否定。 e. Would you please pass me the science book?给我递一下那本科学方面的书好吗? 一Which one?哪一本? 一The one on my shelf.我书架上的那本。 No one has traveled farther than to the moon.没有人到过比月球更远的地方。 (3)(a)few，(a)little；many，much；some，any的用法 many(+复数名词)，much(+不可数名词)表示“许
11、多/很多”。 eg. Many of the students come fromEngland.那些学生许多是从英国来的。 Thanks，its too much for me.谢谢，我承受不起。 few(+复数名词)，little(+不可数名词)表示“没多少很少”(表否定)。eg. There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上没什么人。 I am very worried that I have little time to finish the job.我担心，我几乎没有时间完成这项工作了。 afew(+复数名词)，alittle
12、(+不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。 eg. I can see a few cakes and a little bread in the fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意：quite a few表示“相当多” eg. There are quite a few students over there.那儿有相当多的学生。 some(+复数名词不可数名词)，any(+复数名词不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。 eg. There are some birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。 There is some water in the
13、bottle.瓶里有些水。 I dont have any brothers or sisters.我没有兄弟或姐妹。 Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗? . some一般用于肯定句，但在表示请求、建议、反问等的疑问句中，多用some。 eg: Would you like some beer?你要来点啤酒吗？ Why didnt you buy some sweets?(You should have bought. . . )你怎么没买点糖果? . any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句 eg. There isnt any water left.没有剩
14、下一点水。 If you have any questions, put up your hands, please.如果有问题，请举手。 ：some+单数名词表示“某一个”，any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。 e. Ill catch up with you some day.总有一天我会赶上你的。 Come any day you like.你哪天来都行。 Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。 (4) one ,other, others, the others ,anothe
15、r等的用法 onethe other 表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个另一个” eg. Mr Smith has two daughters. One is a teacher, the other is a nurse. one another 表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另一个”。 eg. I dont want this one, please give me another. one the others 强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。 eg. In our school, one of the teachers is American，the others are Chine
16、se. some the others表示许多人或物，不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。 eg. Some students are reading，the others are drawing pictures. others=other+名词；the othersthe other+名词。 eg. Some students like traveling，others(other students) like watching TV at home. another表示“再又”时既可接单数名词，也可接数词+复数名词。 eg. He will be able to finish h
17、is work in another two hours.再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。 (5)复合不定代词的用法 复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。eg. Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。 修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后，即定语后置。 eg. There is something important on todays newspaper.今天的报纸有些重要新闻。 复合不定代词变否定句时，要否定主语： eg. Something is wrong. (变为否定句) Something isnt wrong. (错误) Noth
18、ing is wrong. (正确) somebody，someone，something一般用于肯定句；anybody，anyone，anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。eg. There is something new in the park.公园里有些新的景点。 Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗? 当somebody，someone等用于疑问句时，表示肯定、请求、建议或反问；anybody，anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。 eg. Is someone coming this af
19、ternoon?今天下午有客人来吗? Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能犯错误。3.疑问代词的用法。 (1)whowhom 谁(指人). 作主语 eg. Who wants to go with him? 作宾语 eg. WhoWhom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语) eg. WhoWhom do you want to meet?(作动词meet的宾语) 作表语 eg. WhoWhom are they? (2)whose谁的 作定语 eg. Whose pen is this? 作表语 eg. Whose is this pen
20、? (3)which哪一个，哪一些 作定语 eg. Which girl is Kathy? 作表语 eg. Which is the boys ball? (4)what什么 作主语 eg. Whats on the table? 作宾语 eg. What are you doing? 作表语 eg. What is he? 作定语 eg. What class are you in? 4.关系代词的用法 关系代词用来引起定语从句，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词，另一方面又在从句中充当一个成分。 eg. This is the man who gave me the book.
21、这就是给我书的那个人。 The money thatwhich is on the table is mine. 桌上的钱是我的。 The money thatwhich my mother gave me is on the table. 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。 (二)形容词 表示人和事物的特征，对名词起修饰和描绘的作用用法： The desk is heavy. (表语) Dont lay in a dangerous place. (定语) We must make our country more beautiful. (宾补)以a开头的形容词只作表语，如：alone, afraid,
22、 asleep, awake, alive. ill也可作表语。The baby is asleep.The old man is alone. （三）副词 表示动作特征或性状，主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子用法： He walked quietly into his classroom. (修饰动词) The machine is tooexpensive. (修饰形容词) You walked tooslowly, I couldnt wait for you. (修饰另一副词) I saw him out. (作宾补) How long will she be away? (作表语
23、)形容词和副词的比较等级 1.比较级、最高级的构成 (1)单音节和少数双音节词 一般在词尾加er或est great-greatergreatest，young-youngeryoungest，slow-slower-slowest 以e结尾的只加r或st nicenicer-nicest，largelargerlargest 以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i，再加er或est heavyheavierheaviest， easyeasiereasiest， busybusierbusiest， funny-funnier-funniest，early-earlier-earliest 以重读
24、闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末尾的一个辅音字母，再加er或est bigbiggerbiggest， thinthinnerthinnest，fatfatter-fattest (2)多音节和部分双音节词前加more为比较级，加(the)most为最高级 careful- more carefulmost careful usefulmore usefulmost useful popular-more popular-most popular carelesslymore carelesslymost carelessly (3)不规则变化的词 goodwell better best badi
25、llbadly worse worst manymuch more most little less least old olderelder oldest(指年龄大小)eldest(指长幼顺序) far fartherfurther farthest(指距离)furthest(指程度) 2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法 (1)形容词和副词比较级的用法 用于两者比较，表示“比更” “A+系动词+形容词比较级+than + B”， eg. I am two years older than my little sister. “A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B” eg. She get
26、s to school earlier than the other students. 用于两者之间的同级比较，表示“和一样”： “A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B”， eg. Bill is as funny as his father. “A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B” eg. Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily. 表示甲在某方面不如乙： “A+系动词+not asso+形容词原级+as + B” eg. These books arent as interesting as those. “A+助动词情态动词+not+谓语动词+ass
27、o+B” eg. She didnt sing so well that night as she usually does. 表示某个范围内的两者相比： “A +动词 +the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)”eg. Penny is the taller of the two girls. Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。 表示“越来越”：“比较级+and+比较级” eg. In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天，白天变得越来越长。 表示“越越”：“the+比较级the+比较级” eg. The more：you pra
28、ctice using English，the better youll learn it 应用英语你练得越多，就会学得越好。 可以用much，far，even，a bit，a little，a lot等修饰比较级表示程度，但绝不可用very修饰。 eg. Tom is a little taller than Mike. Tom比Mike稍高一点。 It is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷。 在比较级中，为了避免重复，可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。 eg. The weather here is much hotter
29、 than that of our hometown.这儿比我们老家热得多。 The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。 (2)形容词和副词最高级的用法 对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the，副词最高级前可加the，也可省掉the；后面可带ofin短语来说明比较范围： “主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语in短语” eg. She is the youngest of all. “A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of
30、短语in短语”eg. Linda draws most carefully in her class. （四）介词 1.表示时间的介词 (1)at 接具体时间：eg. at six，at half past two，at ten to twelve 表示“在时刻”；eg: at noon，atmidnight (2)in 表示“在(某段时间)之间”； eg. in January，in a month，in spring，in 2005 在将来时中，表示“在某段时间之后” eg. In ten years，I think Ill be a reporter. (3)on 表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。 eg. On Monday，on Tuesday afternoon，on May 4th，on the morning of July 6th 2.固定搭配的介词 (1)动词+介词：look after，look at，look for，laugh at，listen to，hear from，turn on，turn off, wait for，worry about，think of，spendon (2)介词+名词：by train，on foot，at the end of ,at
