1、驻英国大使傅莹发表题为气候变化与中国的演讲中英全文驻英国大使傅莹发表题为“气候变化与中国”的演讲中英全文2009-12-19 来源:中国驻英国大使馆2009年12月2日，中国驻英国大使傅莹应邀在伦敦政治经济学院（LSE）发表题为“气候变化与中国”的演讲，全面阐述中国应对气候变化的政策、立场及所采取的措施，并现场回答听众提问。演讲由LSE发展中心主任科布雷奇（MR. CORBRIDGE）教授主持，该校学生及社会公众共400多人出席。以下是演讲全文：气候变化与中国中国驻英国大使 傅莹伦敦经济学院2009年12月2日Climate Change and ChinaFu Ying, Chinese A
2、mbassador to the U.K.London School of EconomicsDecember 2nd, 2009尊敬的CORBRIDGE教授，女士们，先生们，Professor Corbridge,Ladies and Gentlemen,很荣幸来到伦敦经济学院，就气候变化这一重大问题进行交流。我感觉特别荣幸，这是因为伦敦经济学院以在气候变化领域的研究著称，你们的研究为全球讨论做出了突出贡献。I am honoured to talk to you on such an important subject as climate change. Its a special ho
3、nour, because the LSE is well-known for its scholarship on climate change and its crucial contribution to this global debate.中国是一个有着13亿人口的大国，气候类型多样，环境脆弱。气候变化给中国带来诸多不利影响。China is a huge country with a population of 1.3 billion. It has diverse climatic conditions and a fragile environment. The effect
4、of climate change is a very real threat which we face everyday.根据中国科学家的观察，过去50年里中国的平均气温上升了1.1摄氏度，高于同期全球平均升温水平。在中国的许多地方，极端气候现象更为频繁。例如，今年春天中国北方出现50年以来最为严重的干旱，给400多万人的带来生计困难。According to Chinese scientists, the average temperature in China has risen by 1.1 degrees centigrade in the last 5 decades. It i
5、s higher than the reported global average. We are seeing more frequent bouts of extreme weather in many parts of the country. Last spring, for example, the most severe drought in 50 years hit northern China affecting the livelihood of 4 million people.环境污染和气候变化带来的不利影响对我们来说已是现实。全球空气污染最严重的20个城市中，中国占了一
6、半，70%的河流受到不同程度的污染。中国已成为全球第一大二氧化碳排放国。Environmental damage and climate change is a reality for us. Out of the worlds most polluted 20 cities, half are in China. 70% of Chinese rivers are polluted to some degree. China has become the largest carbon emitter of the world.这些问题是如何造成的？中国近年在减贫和提高人民生活水平的同时，也出
7、现了严重的环境问题。与你们不同的是，我们是用30年的浓缩时间，走西方国家两个世纪的工业化进程。How have we got here? China has reached this stage when it is making great endeavours to lift people out of poverty. Unlike you here, we have condensed 2 centuries of industrialization into only 30 years.中国人民已经充分认识到气候变化问题的严重性和紧迫性，我们在以发展经济的同样热情投入到实现可持续发展
8、的努力之中。在中国，气候变化不仅仅是一个讨论的话题，举国上下正在通过政策和行动积极应对气候变化。我愿与你们分享一些这方面的例子。Now, the Chinese people have woken to the threat and, with the same zeal that we have embraced industrialization, we are embracing cleaner development. In China, climate change is not just a topic for discussion; Its backed up with poli
9、cy and action throughout the country. Let me share some examples with you.第一，中国制定了节能减排的法律和政策框架。First, on the legal and policy front.中国在制定2006-2010年的第十一个“五年计划”时，第一次提出了应对气候变化的具体目标，包括降低单位GDP能耗20%。China set forward a voluntary reduction program for 2006 to 2010 period, including 20% reduction in energy
10、intensity per unit of GDP.为实现这个目标，中国修订了节约能源法、可再生能源法等法律，制定了严格的节能指标考核制度，完不成任务的地方领导人将面临严格的问责制。To achieve this, we amended the Law on Energy Saving and the Law on Renewable Energy. Weve also set up a strict evaluation system for energy efficiency. This enables the central government to hold provincial l
11、eaders accountable for meeting energy efficiency targets.上个月，中央政府在网站上公布了2008年各省区节能目标考核结果。全国31个省区中，26个省为“超额完成”或“完成”等级。由于增加了透明度，未完成目标的省区面临公众很大的压力。Last month, the evaluation result for 2008 was released on the web for all to access. Out of 31 provinces and regions, 26 fulfilled emission reduction targe
12、ts. One cant underscore enough the importance of having such transparency as it places great pressure on those who are not meeting the target.从表格上可以看出来，北京市做得不错，超额完成了当年指标，而且已完成了2010年20%目标的17%。而新疆则落后了一些，如期完成目标有很大困难，需要得到许多支持。Beijing is doing better, over-fulfilling its target for 2008, with over 7%. I
13、am sure the Olympics helped. It has already achieved over 17% for the 20% target of 2010. At the bottom, you can see Xinjiang. It is lagging far behind and looks unlikely to meet the target and would need a lot of help.第二，采取严格的产业政策，鼓励清洁发展。Secondly, now the industries have to take very tough decision
14、s to achieve clean development.政府严格控制新建高排放、高污染项目，淘汰现有落后产能。可以理解，落实这项措施一开始会很困难，遇到一些阻力，因为关闭高污染企业意味着就业岗位的损失。Projects with high emission can no longer go ahead and some existing high emitters are being phased out. It is understandably difficult to push through such reforms and there is, inevitably, resis
15、tance. Being a developing country, shutting down factories means job losses for many who need them.比如，中国提出5年内拆除淘汰5000万千瓦（50GW）老发电机装机容量的目标提前一年半完成，使单位发电的煤耗降低了20%。但这项措施导致40万人面临再就业问题。For example, we have achieved cutting down the average consumption of coal per unit of power by 20%, by demolishing the h
16、igh-polluting and inefficient power plants. But it led to the loss of 400,000 jobs.第三，大力发展清洁替代能源。So the third point is that we have increased and will continue to increase the percentage of cleaner alternative energy sources.低碳和新能源产业正在成为中国经济的新亮点，许多英国公司也在与中国开展清洁能源项目的合作。今年1-9月,中国新增发电装机容量中，清洁能源占到1/3。Lo
17、w-carbon and energy conservation have become new growth sectors in China. Many British companies are actively involved in clean development projects in China. In the first 9 months of this year, clean energy contributed a third of Chinas newly added power capacity.目前，中国在太阳能热水器使用、太阳能光伏发电累计容量和水电装机容量方面
18、均居世界第一。你们可能还不知道，1/10的中国家庭用上了太阳能，在中国可以看到许多新住宅的屋顶上装上了太阳能板。我自己家的公寓也是使用太阳能供热的，据家里人说今年冬天的使用效果很好。中国人对清洁能源如此热衷，表明我们下决心追求更美好的未来。China now ranks as first in the world for solar heating and photovoltaic generation, as well as installed hydro power capacity. You may be surprised to know, 1 in 10 families in Ch
19、ina already use solar energy. That includes my family. Many new buildings in Chinese cities are equipped with solar energy. The fact that the Chinese people are so keen to adopt clean energy is an excellent indicator of our dedication to a better future.第四，增加森林碳汇。我们都知道树能吸收二氧化碳，中国人民对植树十分热情，在联合国环境署倡议的
20、“全球10亿棵树”活动中，中国人种了26亿棵树，也就是人均2棵，一个多么令人震惊的数字。Next, lets talk about trees and reforestation. We all know how trees can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Chinese people have really taken tree-planting to heart. It has even become fashionable for young couples to plant trees to mark their wedding. China h
21、as planted more trees than any other country in the world, with 2.6 billion trees planted. That is 2 trees per individual, an incredible number.第五，我们知道要切实实现减排的宏伟目标，唯一的手段是通过发展科学和技术，这就是为什么中国加大了应对气候变化的科研投入。中国已成为各种新能源技术的巨大实验基地。Last but not least, the only means for China to really achieve its ambitious
22、plan is through science and technology. This is why China is investing heavily in research and development. The country has become a giant laboratory for testing all kinds of clean energy technologies.为应对国际金融危机，中国在新增4万亿元（4000亿英镑）的经济刺激方案中，应对气候变化相关投资达15%。我想你们会认为这不是一个小的数额，特别是考虑到我们正处在金融危机当中。In the lates
23、t stimulus package worth 400 billion pound, 15% was invested in addressing climate change. I am sure you will agree that it is a huge amount by any standard, especially during the financial crisis.经过努力，中国节能减排取得明显进展，有望如期完成2010年目标。仅提高能效一项，中国就有望在2006-2010年间减少二氧化碳排放15亿吨。这个数字与世界上其他任何国家的减排努力相比都毫不逊色。Thanks
24、 to all these efforts, China is well on track to reach our targets set for 2010. That would mean a reduction in CO2 emissions of 1.5 billion tons in five years by 2010. This is an achievement that compares well with the efforts of other countries.在今年9月召开的联合国气候变化峰会上，胡锦涛主席宣布中国将进一步采取应对气候变化的措施。上周四，中国政府宣
25、布了2020年行动目标，包括：At the UN climate change summit last September, President Hu Jintao stated that China would take even further steps to counter climate change. To follow up, the Chinese government has announced its targets for 2020 based on 2005 levels. They include: -单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40-45%；-非化石能源比
26、重达到15%；-森林面积比2005年增加4000万公顷，这个面积相当于英国领土的1.5倍。- bringing down CO2 per unit of GDP by 40-45%,- increasing the ratio of non-fossil energy to 15%,- expanding forest coverage by 40 million hectares, that is bigger than one and half times the size of United Kingdom.我们将把这些目标作为约束性和可核查指标纳入中国的发展中长期规划。We will
27、make all these into compulsory and verifiable targets, within the framework of our domestic development program.但是，希望能理解，完成这些目标会越来越困难。请允许我说明一下为什么是这样。I hope you will appreciate that achieving these targets and further reducing emission will get increasingly harder. Let me elaborate on that point.中国已经
28、关闭了很多高耗能工厂，也就是说，容易做的已经做了。1990-2005年间，中国单位GDP能耗下降了47%，预计2005-2010年将再下降20。进一步提高能效，将付出更高成本、做出更多牺牲。We have already closed down many of the old and high energy consuming factories, That is to say, the easier part is done. Between 1990 to 2005, the per unit GDP energy consumption came down by 47% and betw
29、een 2005 to 2010 it will again come down by 20%. The next will be raising the energy efficiency of the remaining plants. Its going to cost more and involve more sacrifice to reduce further.这也就是为什么科技研发对中国是如此重要，只有创新方能干使中国实现这个跨越。也是由于这个原因，我们希望发达国家转让技术和提供能力支持。This is why investing in research and develop
30、ment is so critical for us, as only innovation can help China to make that leap. And this is why we are looking to developed countries for technology transfer and capacity building.国际能源署预测，如果中国实现了2020年目标，届时中国一年即可减排10亿吨二氧化碳。这将是一个巨大的成就，因为我们还是一个发展中国家，同时还面临着发展的巨大任务。According to the International Energy
31、Agency, if China fulfils its target for 2020, it will have reduced its emissions of CO2 by 1 billion tons. That will be a great achievement, given that we are a developing country and we have equally pressing survival priorities.下面我将详细谈谈这个问题。虽然中国经济总量有望不久成为世界第二，但很多人经常忘记中国还是一个发展中国家这一事实。If you would al
32、low me, Id like to expand on this point; China may soon become the 2nd largest economy in the world. Yet it remains a developing country. This is something that many people often forget.中国人均GDP刚过3000美元，分别是英国、美国的1/15、1/20，在世界排名第104位，排在牙买加和纳米比亚之后。Chinas per capita GDP has just passed 3,000 US dollars. UK and US are 15 to 20 times that of China. China is behind Jamaica and Namibia.请大家回答我一个问题：英国在历史上是哪年处于中国目前的人均水平？ 根据英国经济学Angus Maddison的计算，答案是1913年。Now, let me ask you all a question: In which year in history do yo
