1、减速器工艺规程外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译减速器工艺规程减速机是一种动力传达机构,利用齿轮的速度转换器,将电机(马达)的回转数减速到所要的回转数,并得到较大转矩的机构。在目前用于传递动力与运动的机构中,减速机的应用范围相当广泛。几乎在各式机械的传动系统中都可以见到它的踪迹,从交通工具的船舶、汽车、机车、建筑用的重型机具,机械工业所用的加工机具及自动化生产设备,到日常生活中常见的家电,钟表等等其应用从大动力的传输工作,到小负荷,精确的角度传输都可以见到减速机的应用,且在工业应用上,减速机具有减速及增加转矩功能。因此广泛应用在速度与扭矩的转换设备。减速器的作用主要有:1)降速同时提高输出扭矩,扭
2、矩输出比例按电机输出乘减速比,但要注意不能超出减速机额定扭矩。2)减速同时降低了负载的惯量,惯量的减少为减速比的平方。大家可以看-下一般电机都有一个惯量数值。减速机的工作原理减速机一般用于低转速大扭矩的传动设备,把电动机内燃机或其它高速运转的动力通过减速机的输入轴上的齿数少的齿轮啮合输出轴上的大齿轮来达到减速的目的,普通的减速机也会有几对相同原理齿轮达到理想的减速效果,大小齿轮的法数之比,就是传动比。减速机的种类减速机是一种相对精密的机械,使用它的目的是降低转速,增加转矩。它的种类繁多,型号各异,不同种类有不同的用途。减速器的种类繁多,按照传动类型可分为齿轮减速器、蜗杆减速器和行星齿轮减速器,
3、按照传动级数不同可分为单级和多级减速器按照齿轮形状可分为圆柱齿轮减速器、圆锥齿轮减速器和圆锥一圆柱齿轮减速器按照传动的布置形式又可分为展开式、分流式和同轴式减遮器。以下是常用的减速机分类: (1)摆线针轮减速机(2)硬齿面圆柱齿轮减速器(3)行星齿轮减速机(4)软齿面减速机(5)三环减速机(6)起重机减速机(7)蜗杆减速机(8)轴装式硬齿面减速机(9)无级变速器工艺路线是制造单位按照规定的作业流程完成生产任务的途径,主要用来进行工序排产和车间成本统计。其包含了定位基准的选择,主要表面的加工,加工阶段的划分与工序的合理组合等内容。通过查阅了杨淑子主编机械加工工艺师手册现就文中有关内容论述如下:定
4、位基准的选择在制定工艺过程时,选择定位基准的主要目的是为了保证加工表面的位置精度,因此选择定位基准的总原则应该是从有较高位置精度要求的表面中进行选择。定位基准的选择包括粗基准和精基准的选择在制订零件机械加工工艺路线时,总是首先考虑选择怎样的精基准把各个主要表面加工出来,然后再考虑选择怎么的粗基准把作为精基准的表面先加工出来。机械加工工艺路线的制定中粗基准和精基准的选择很关键,选择是否合理直接关系到加工工艺路线制订的全局。(1)粗基准的选择选择粗基准时,考虑的重点是如何保证各加工表面有足够的余量,使不加工表面与加工表面间的尺寸、位子符合图纸要求。粗基准的选择原则是:1)选择应加工表面为粗基准。目
5、的是为了保证加工面与不加工面的相互位置关系精度。如果工件上表面有好几个不需加工的表面,则应选择其中与加工表面的相互位置精度要求较高的表面作为粗基准。以求壁厚均匀、外形对称、少装夹等。2)选择加工余量要求均匀的重要表面作为粗基准。例如机床床身导轨面是其余量要求均匀的重要表面。因而在加工时选择导轨面作为粗基准,加工床身的底面,再以底面作为精基准加工导轨面。这样就能保证均匀地去掉较少余量,使表层保留而细致的组织,以增加耐磨性。3)应选择加工余量最小的表面作为粗基准。这样可以保证该面有足够的加工余量。4)应尽可能选择平整、光洁、面积足够大的表面作为粗基准,以保证定位准确夹紧可靠。有浇口、冒口、飞边、毛
6、刺的表面不宜选作粗基准,必要时需经初加工。5)粗基准应避免重复使用,因为粗基准的表面大多数是粗糙不规则的,多次使用难以保证表面间的位置精度。箱体粗基准选择要求在保证各加工表面均有加工余量的前提下,使主要孔加工余量均匀;装入箱体内的旋转零件应与箱体内壁有足够问隙;此外还应保证定位、夹紧可靠。为了满足上述要求,一般选箱体的主要孔的毛坯孔作为粗基准。减速箱体加工的第一个面是盖或底座的结合面,由于分离式箱体轴承孔的毛坯孔分布在盖和底座两个不同的部分上很不规则,因而在加工盖和底座的结合面时无法用主要孔的毛坯作粗基准。而是用顶面与底面作为粗基准。这样可以保证结合面加工后凸缘的厚度叫均匀。(2)精基准的选择
7、选择精基准的原则时,考虑的重点是有利于保证工件的加工精度并使装夹准确、牢固、方便。精基准选择原则是基准重合原则。即尽可能选择设计基准作为定位基准。这样可以避免定位基准与设计基准不重合而引起的基准不重合误差。基准统一原则。应尽可能选用统一的定位基准。基准的统一有利于保证个表面间的位置精度,避免基准转换所带来的误差,并且各工序所采用的夹具比较统一,从而可减少夹具设计和制造工作。例如轴类零件常用顶针孔作为定位基准。车削、磨削都是顶针孔定位,这样不但在一次装夹中能加工大多数表面, 而且保证了各外圆表面的同轴度及端面与轴心线的垂直度。互为基准的原则。选择精基准时,有时两个被加工面,可以互为基准反复加工。
8、例如对淬火后的齿轮磨齿,是以齿面为基准磨内孔,再以孔为基准磨齿面,这样能保证齿面余量均匀。自为基准原则。有些精加工或光整加工工序要求余量小而均匀,可以选择加工表面本身为基准。例如:磨削机床导轨面时,是以导轨面找正定位的。此外,像拉孔在无心磨床上磨外圆等,都是自为基准的例子。此外,还应选择工件上精度高,尺寸较大的表面为精基准,以保证定位稳固可靠。并考虑工件装夹和加工方便、夹具设计简单等。箱体上孔与孔、孔与平面、平面与平面之间都有较高的位置精度要求,这些要求的保证与精基准的选择有很大的关系。为此,通常优先考虑“基准统一”原则。使具有相互位置精度要求的大部分工序,尽可能用同一组基准定位。以避免因基准
9、转换过多而带来的积累误差,并且由于采用同一基准,使所用夹具具有相似的结构形式,可减少夹具设计与制造工作量、降低成本。2、主要表面的加工(1)箱体的平面加工箱体平面的粗加工和半精加工常选择刨削和铣削加工。创削箱体平面的主要特点是:刀具结构简单;机床调整方便:在龙门创床上可以用几个刀架,在一次安装工件中,同时加工几个表面,于是,经济地保证了这些表面的位置精度。箱体平面铣削加工的生产率比刨削高。在成批生产中,常采用铣削加工。当批量较大时,常在多轴龙门铣床上用几把铣刀同时加工几个平面,即保证了平面间的位置精度,又提高了生产率。孔系加工减速器箱体的孔系,是有位置精度要求的各轴承孔的总和,其中有平行孔系和
10、同轴孔系两类。平行孔系主要技术要求是各平行孔中心线之间以及中心线与基准面之间的尺寸精度和平行精度根据生产类型的不同,可以在普通镗床上或专用镗床上加工。单件小批生产箱体时,为保证孔距精度主要采用划线法。为了提高划线找正的精度,可采用试切法,虽然精度有所提高,但由于划线、试切、测量都要消耗较多的时间,所以生产率仍很低。坐标法加工孔系,许多工厂在单件小批量生产中也广泛采用,特别是在普通链床上加装较精密的测量装置(如数显等)后,可以较大地提高其坐标位移精度。必须指出,采用坐标发加工孔系时,原始孔和加工顺序的选定是很重要的。因为,各排孔的孔距是靠坐标尺寸保证的。坐标尺寸的积累误差会影响孔距精度。如果原始
11、孔和孔的假定顺序选择的合理,就可以减少积累误差。成批或大量生产箱体时,加工孔系都采用镗模。孔距精度主要取决与镗模的精度和安装质量。虽然锋模制造比较复杂,造价较高,但可利用精度不高的机床加工出精度较高的工件。因此,在某些情况下,小批生产也可考虑使用镗模加工平行孔系。同轴孔系的主要技术要求是各孔的同轴度精度。成批生产时,箱体的同轴孔的同轴度大部分是用镜模保证,单件小批量生产中,在普通镗床上用以下两种方法进行加工:1)从箱体一端进行加工加工同轴孔系时,出现同轴度误差的主要原因是当主轴进给时,镗杆在重力作用下,使主轴产生挠度而引起孔的同轴度误差当工作台进给时,导轨的直线度误差会影响各孔的同轴度精度。对
12、于箱壁较近的同轴孔,可采用导向套加工同轴孔。对于大型箱体,可利用镗床后立柱导套支撑镗杆。2)从箱体两端进行罐孔一般是采用“调头镗”使工件在一次安装下,镗完一端的孔后,将镗床工作台回转180,在错另一端的孔。具体办法是加工好一端孔后,将工件退出主轴,使工作台回转1800 ,用百(千)分表找正已加工孔壁与主轴同轴,即可加工另一孔。“调头镗”不用夹具和长刀杆,镗杆悬伸长度短,刚性好。但调整比较麻烦和费时,适合与箱体壁相距较远的同轴孔。3、加工阶段的划分与工序的合理组合零件上的全部加工表面应安排在一个合理的加工顺序中加工,这对保证零件质量,提高生产率,降低加工成本都至关重要。参考文献1中的第1篇械加工
13、工艺基础第4章机械加工工艺规程制订有:(1)加工阶段的划分按加工性质和目的的不同,工艺过程一般可划分成粗加工、半精加工、精加工和光整加工几个阶段。划分加工阶段的作用是能减少或消除内应力、切削力和切削热对精加工的影响;及早发现毛坯缺陷;便于安排热处理、可合理使用机床;避免或减少损伤已精加工过的表面。(2)工序的组合组合工序有两种不同的原则,即工序集中原则和工序分散原则。工序集中的特点零件各个表面的加工集中在少数几个工序中完成,每个工序所安排的加工内容多;有利于保证各加工面间的相互位置精度要求;有利于采用高效机床和工艺装备;生产面积和操作工人数量减少;生产计划和生产组织得到简化;工件装夹次数减少。
14、工序分散的特点;工序多,工艺过程长,每个工序所包含的加工内容少:所使用的工艺设备和装备比较简单、易于调整和掌握生产技术准备工作较容易,易于变换产品。Process regulation of reducerReducer is a kind of power transmission mechanism, which uses the speed converter of gear to reduce the number of revolutions of motor (motor) to the required number of revolutions and obtain a lar
15、ger torque. At present, among the mechanisms used to transmit power and motion, reducers are widely used. It can be seen in the transmission system of almost all kinds of machinery, From vehicles, ships, automobiles, locomotives, heavy machinery and tools for construction, The application of reducer
16、s can be seen in the processing machines and automatic production equipment used in the mechanical industry, as well as the common household appliances, clocks and watches in daily life, from the transmission of large power to the transmission of small load and accurate angle. In industrial applicat
17、ion, reducers have the functions of decelerating and increasing torque. Therefore, it is widely used in speed and torque conversion equipment.The main functions of reducer are:1) Increase the output torque at the same time of speed reduction. The torque output ratio shall be multiplied by the motor
18、output ratio, but care shall be taken not to exceed the rated torque of the reducer.2) Deceleration also reduces the inertia of the load, and the reduction of inertia is the square of the reduction ratio. You can watch it-General motors have an inertia value.Working Principle of Reducer Reducer is g
19、enerally used for transmission equipment with low speed and large torque, The motor, internal combustion engine or other power running at high speed can achieve the purpose of deceleration by meshing the gear with a small number of teeth on the input shaft of the reducer with the large gear on the o
20、utput shaft. Ordinary reducers also have several pairs of gears with the same principle to achieve the ideal deceleration effect. The ratio of the normal number of large and small gears is the transmission ratio.Types of reducersReducer is a relatively precise machine, which is used to reduce the sp
21、eed and increase the torque. There are many kinds and models of it, and different kinds have different uses. There are many kinds of reducers, According to the transmission type, it can be divided into gear reducer, worm reducer and planetary gear reducer. According to the different transmission sta
22、ges, it can be divided into single-stage and multi-stage reducers. According to the gear shape, it can be divided into cylindrical gear reducers. Bevel gear reducers and conical-cylindrical gear reducers can be divided into expanded, split-flow and coaxial type reducers according to the transmission
23、 arrangement. The following are commonly used reducer classifications:(1) Cycloidal pinwheel reducer(2) Cylindrical gear reducer with hard tooth surface(3) Planetary gear reducer(4) Soft tooth surface reducer(5) Three-ring reducer(6) Crane reducer(7) Worm reducer(8) Shaft-mounted hard tooth surface
24、reducer(9) Continuously variable transmissionProcess route is the way for manufacturing units to complete production tasks according to the specified operation process, which is mainly used for process scheduling and workshop cost statistics. It includes the selection of positioning datum, the machi
25、ning of main surfaces, the division of machining stages and the reasonable combination of working procedures. Through consulting the Handbook of Machining Technologists edited by Yang Shuzi.The relevant contents in this article are discussed as follows:Selection of positioning datumWhen formulating
26、the technological process, the main purpose of selecting the positioning datum is to ensure the position accuracy of the machined surface, so the general principle of selecting the positioning datum should be to select from the surface with higher position accuracy requirements.The selection of posi
27、tioning datum includes the selection of coarse datum and fine datum.When working out the machining process route of parts, we always consider what kind of fine datum to choose to process each main surface first, and then consider what kind of coarse datum to choose to process the surface as fine dat
28、um first.The selection of rough datum and fine datum is very important in the formulation of machining process route, and whether the selection is reasonable or not is directly related to the overall situation of machining process route formulation.(1) Selection of rough datumWhen selecting coarse d
29、atum, the key point to consider is how to ensure that each machined surface has enough allowance, so that the size and position between the unmachined surface and the machined surface meet the drawing requirements.The selection principle of rough benchmark is:1) Select the surface to be machined as
30、the rough datum. The purpose is to ensure the accuracy of the position relationship between the machined surface and the non-machined surface. If there are several surfaces on the upper surface of the workpiece that do not need to be machined, the surface with higher mutual position accuracy with th
31、e machined surface should be selected as the rough reference. In order to achieve uniform wall thickness, symmetrical shape, less clamping, etc.2) Select the important surface with uniform machining allowance as the rough reference. For example, the guide rail surface of the machine tool bed is an i
32、mportant surface that requires uniform rest. Therefore, when machining, the guide rail surface is selected as the rough reference, the bottom surface of the lathe bed is machined, and then the bottom surface is used as the fine reference to machine the guide rail surface. In this way, less allowance can be removed evenly, so that the surface layer retains fine structure and increases wear resistance.3) The surface with the smallest machining allowance shall be selected as the rough reference. Th
