1、第三讲 词性转换构词法第三讲 词性转换(构词法)思维导图一、动词、形容词转化为名词的规律1动词变名词的后缀后缀例词ion/tion/sion/ationcorrectcorrection改正celebratecelebration 庆祝；庆祝会attractattraction 吸引concludeconclusion 结论；结束discussdiscussion 讨论；辩论decidedecision 决定admitadmission 接纳；准许入学inviteinvitation 邀请explainexplanation 解释graduategraduation 毕业expectexpec
2、tation 期望er/ordrivedriver 司机；驾驶员gathergatherer 收集者；采集者teachteacher 老师announceannouncer 广播员conductconductor 指挥；售票员mentpunishpunishment 惩罚achieveachievement 功绩；成就argueargument 辩论；论据treattreatment 对待；治疗equipequipment 装备；设备governgovernment 政府ance/enceappearappearance出现；外貌guideguidance 指引；指导performperfor
3、mance 表演；节目existexistence 存在；生存preferpreference 偏爱referreference 参考；查阅inghearhearing听力；听觉beginbeginning 开始ure/turefailfailure 失败；倒闭presspressure 压力departdeparture 离开；出发mixmixture 混合；混合物yrecoverrecovery恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery 发现其他choosechoice选择varyvariety 多样化；种类tendtendency 趋向；趋势2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshor
4、tshortage不足；短缺cyefficientefficiency 效率；功效fluentfluency 流利；流畅accurateaccuracy 准确性privateprivacy 隐私；私密domfreefreedom自由；自主wisewisdom 明智；智慧encedifferentdifference 差异silentsilence 沉默nessweakweakness虚弱；弱点kindkindness 仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness 粗心大意thstrongstrength 力气；强项warmwarmth 温暖；热情y/ty/ityhonesthonesty
5、 诚实difficultdifficulty 困难cruelcruelty 残酷；残暴safesafety 安全disabledisability 无能；伤残responsibleresponsibility 责任二、名词、动词转化为形容词的规律后缀例词ableacceptacceptable 可接受的comfortcomfortable 舒适的fashionfashionable 时髦的suitsuitable 合适的reasonreasonable 有道理的；合理的almusicmusical 音乐的originoriginal 最初的personpersonal 个人的；私人的cente
6、rcentral 中央的；中心的naturenatural 自然的；天生的fuldoubtdoubtful 怀疑的forgetforgetful 健忘的harmharmful 有害的hopehopeful 有希望的peacepeaceful 和平的edscarescared 感到恐惧的confuseconfused 感到困惑的underlineunderlined 下划线的ingsurprisesurprising 令人惊异的convinceconvincing 令人信服的satisfysatisfying 令人满意的ibleaccessaccessible 容易取得的horrorhorrib
7、le 可怕的；恐怖的terrorterrible 可怕的iveactactive 积极的；活跃的effecteffective 有效的；生效的attractattractive 有吸引力的impressimpressive 给人深刻印象的ouscontinuecontinuous不断的；持续的anxietyanxious 忧虑的cautioncautious 十分小心的；谨慎的curiositycurious 好奇的humorhumorous 幽默的sometiretiresome令人厌倦的troubletroublesome 麻烦的ytastetasty美味的；可口的healthhealth
8、y 健康的wealthwealthy 富裕的；丰富的erneasteastern 东方的；向东的ishchildchildish孩子气的foolfoolish 愚蠢的；可笑的selfselfish 自私的icsciencescientific 科学的energyenergetic 精力充沛的 名师指津 ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到的”，通常修饰人；ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人的”，通常修饰物或事。三、形容词转化为副词的规律类别例词直接加lyclearclearly清楚地greatgreatly 很，大大地以辅音字母y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加lyhappyhap
9、pily高兴地heavyheavily 沉重地词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加yterribleterribly可怕地gentlegently 轻轻地词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加lytruetruly 真实地词尾为ll的形容词，直接加yfullfully充分地dulldully 迟钝地词尾为ic的形容词，加allybasicbasically 主要地scientific scientifically 合乎科学地厘清两种情况，突破词性转换1名词在句中作宾语，被冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词所修饰 例1 She is determined to carry on with her_(ed
10、ucate)(2017全国卷)分析 education前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。例2 Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC.，influenced the_(develop)of chopsticks.(2016全国卷)分析 development根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需要名词。2形容词在句中作定语，常放在名词之前例3 It was a relief a
11、nd I came to a _(sudden) stop just in the middle of the road.(2017全国卷改编)分析 sudden此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。3形容词在句中作表语，常放在be，get，become，remain等系动词后例4 At one time，I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be _ (free) from them.(2016全国卷改编)分析 free此处需要用形容词作表语。be free from them“摆
12、脱他们”。4形容词在句中作宾语补足语，之前常有使役动词、感官动词或介词with加名词或代词例5 As I walked，I looked up，trying to realize what made this day so _(beauty)分析 beautiful使役动词make之后跟复合宾语，用形容词作宾语补足语。5副词在句中修饰动词例6 The title will be_(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.(2016全国卷)分析 officially此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我。分析句子结构可知，应该
13、使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。6副词在句中修饰形容词或其他副词例7 Dad and I were _(terrible) worried.(全国卷改编)分析 terribly此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。7副词用在句首，修饰整个句子，表示状态、原因等例8 _(lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(广东高考)分析 Luckily此处为副词用于句首，表示状态。8要特别注意有使役用法的动词的分词形式用作形容词时的区别。如amazed常修饰人的内心感受，表示“吃惊的”；amazin
14、g常修饰事物，表示“令人吃惊的”。例9 There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and_(disappoint)(新课标全国卷)分析 disappointeddisappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用ed形式的形容词，此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。词形变化是重点，注意特殊形式和变化特点：以e结尾加ly，切记true需把e去；ble，ple都是去e把y加。另外需注意形副同形词。例10 Instead，he hopes th
15、at his business will grow _(steady)(2016全国卷改编)分析 steadily谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。例11 Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks _ (regular)(2016全国卷)分析 regularly此处需要用副词修饰谓语动词短语“take short breaks”。例12 My uncles
16、_ (immediate) jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.(陕西高考改编)分析 immediately此处修饰“jumped up”，故应用副词形式。单句语法填空1Running is cheap，easy and its always_(energy)(2018全国卷)答案energetic根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用与其前的cheap、easy相同形式的形容词energetic作表语。2.A taste for meat is _ (actual) behind the change: An important part of i
17、ts corn is used to feed chickens，pigs，and cattle.(2018全国卷)答案actually应用副词作状语修饰系动词is。3This switch has decreased_(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018全国卷)答案pollution此处作decreased的宾语，应填名词pollution。4According to the World Bank，China accounts fo
18、r about 30 percent of total _(globe) fertilizer consumption.(2018全国卷) 答案global此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption，意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”，故用形容词作定语。5Im a_(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全国卷)答案scientist设空处前面是a，可知空处应填可数名词单数，再联系文章内容可知“我”是一位科学家，故填scientist。6The obvious one is money;
19、 eating out once or twice a week may be_(afford) but doing this most days adds up.(2018浙江高考)答案affordable根据语境可知此处作表语，所以要用形容词形式。7Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in_(weigh) problems.(2018浙江高考)答案weight表示体重方面的问题，要用名词作定语。8
20、Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asias biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas are its top_(attract)(2016全国卷)答案attraction句意：但是对像我这样的游客来说，大熊猫是最吸引人的东西。此处作表语的应该是名词attraction，意为“吸引人之物，诱惑物”。.单句语法填空1They had both been sentenced to death (die)(2019衢州二中模拟)2The girl then p
21、lants a kiss on the grass in a heartwarming show of affection(affect)(2019鲁迅中学模拟)3My application (apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning filmmaking.(2019宁海中学模拟)4Perhaps he can make his fortune (fortunate)at football.(2019嘉兴一中模拟)5I really needed Snow，because it was good for my
22、recovery_(recover)(2019金华一中模拟)6Popup shops first appeared in the UK in the early 2000s.They were originally (origin)a way for small companies to rent small space in great locations.(2019绍兴模拟)7Indeed，travelling around this country will truly(true)give you an amazing experience because of its interest
23、ing things offered to all types of tourists.(2019台州模拟)8The water near the equator is less salty than that found in the midlatitudes (中纬度) for abundant(abundance) equatorial precipitation (赤道降水) throughout the year.(2019杭州八校联考)9Films，books，magazines，etc.give us daily (day) amusement.(2019兰溪三模)10In so
24、me crowded (crowd) cities，the car has polluted the air so badly that people get sick just from breathing it.(2019台州一中模拟).语法填空(2019温州模拟)Everyone has secrets，and John Corcoran is no exception.For decades，Corcoran lived with an 1._ (embarrass) secret，one that millions of Americans have.He was a college
25、 graduate and had even been a teacher for years，2._ John was reading at an elementary school level once.3._ (fail) to learn how to read in school，Corcoran finally developed the thought that there was something wrong with him.Then one day，at the age of 48，he accidentally 4._ (hear) two women in the c
26、heckout line talking about how proud they were 5._ their adult brother for finally learning how to read.Soon afterwards，Corcoran went to a reading clinic 6._ (get) help.After 125 hours professional 7._(treat)，he could read at a 12th grade level.Since he began to learn to read，Corcoran 8._(write) poe
27、ms and short stories，and has started a foundation to provide tutoring for thousands of students 9._ cannot read like him.“I used to call my problem a curse，” Corcoran said，“but now its 10._ (actual) a blessing to me，because I get to encourage others and show its never too late to learn how to read.”
28、【语篇解读】John Corcoran的阅读能力只有小学一年级的水平，最后通过自己的努力他克服了这个难题。1embarrassing考查词性转换。修饰secret应用形容词，embarrassing意为“令人尴尬的”，符合语境。2but考查连词。根据 John was reading at an elementary school level once可知和前面的內容是转折关系。3Failing考查非谓语动词。Corcoran和fail 之间为主动关系，故填其现在分词形式作原因状语。4heard考查动词时态。根据语境可知此处讲述过去的一件事情。5of考查介词。be proud of意为“为感到自豪”。此句是一个how引导的感叹句。6to get考查非谓语动词。这里表示去诊所的目的，故用动词不定式。7treatment考查词性转换。根据前面的professional可知此处应用名词形式。8has written考查时态。根据Since he began to learn to read可知需用现在完成时态。9that/who考查定语从句。先行词为students，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用that/who。10actually考查词性转换。此处修饰整个句子应用副词形式。
