1、政府管理从繁文缛节到结果创造一个少花钱多办事的政府1993国家绩效评估委员之欧阳总创编从繁文缛节到结果：创造一个少花钱多办事的政府（1993，国家绩效评估委员会） 时间：2021.02.13创作：欧阳总From red tape to results: creating a government that works better and costs lessThe national performance reviewOur goal is to make the entire federal government both less expensive and more efficient
2、, and to change the culture of our national bureaucracy away from complacency and entitlement toward initiative and empowerment. We intend to redesign, to reinvent, to reinvigorate the entire national government.President bill Clinton我们的目标是创建一个高效率少花费的政府， 同时改造我们自满的权利倾向的官僚作风。我们要重新设计，重新创造，再次复兴我们整个国民政府。
3、Public confidence in the federal government has never been lower. The average American believes we waste 48 cents of every tax dollar. Five of every six want “fundamental change” in Washington. Only 20 percent of Americans trust the federal government to do the right thing most of the time-down from
4、 76 30 years ago!公众对政府的信心从来没有这么低过，美国民众认为每一美元的税收有48分是被浪费了。六分之五的人希望在华盛顿进行基础改造。只有百分之二十的人认为政府大部分时候做的决定是正确的远比30年前的76%低的多。We all know why. Washingtons failures are large and obvious. For a decade, the deficit has run out of control. The national debt now exceeds $4 trillion-$16,000for every man, woman, an
5、d child in America.我们都知道原因，华盛顿这方面的失误很明显。甚至赤字有十多年的时间处于失控状态。国债现在已经超过4万亿美元欠了大概每一个美国公民，无论男人，女人还是小孩$16，000 左右。But the deficit is only the tip of the iceberg. Below the surface, Americansbelieve, lies enormous unseen waste. The Defense Department owns more than $40 billion in unnecessary supplies. The Int
6、ernal Revenue Service struggles to collect billions in unpaid bills. A century after industry replaced farming as Americas principal business, the Agriculture Department still operates more than 12,000 field service offices, an average of nearly 4 for every county in the nation-rural, urban, or subu
7、rban. The federal government seems unable to abandon the obsolete. It knows how to add, but not to subtract.但是赤字还只不过是问题冰山露出水面的尖角而已。美国人认为在这个表面下还有着巨大的看不见的浪费。国防部将400多亿美元用于不太必要的供应品上。美国国税局绞尽脑汁为未付的帐单筹款。在工业取代农业成为美国的主要行业的一个世纪以来，农业部仍然通过超过12，000的下属部门运作，大概平均每个县就有4个左右无论是城市、农村还是郊外。联邦政府似乎还不能够轻装上阵，他似乎只知道添加，但不会精简。A
8、nd yet, waste is not the only problem. The federal government is not simply broke; it is broken. Ineffective regulation of the financial industry brought us the savings and loan debacle. Ineffective education and training programs jeopardize our competitive edge. Ineffective welfare and housing prog
9、rams undermine our families and cities.但是显然，不仅仅只有浪费这个问题。联邦政府不只是有轻微的毛病，更糟的是它已经千疮百孔了。无效的财政政策带给了我们储蓄和贷款的崩溃。糟糕的教育和培训项目削弱了我们的竞争优势。差劲的福利住房项目破坏了我们的家庭和城市。We spend $25billion a year on welfare, $27 billion on food stamps, and $13 billion on public housing-yet more Americans fall into poverty every year. We s
10、pend $12 billion a year waging war on drugs-yet the average American has no idea where to get job training, and skills of our workforce fall further behind those of our competitors.我们每年在福利上花费250亿美元，花270亿在粮票，还有130亿在公共住房上然而越来越多的美国人却陷入了贫困。 每年我们花费120亿来抵制毒品然而美国民众却不知道去哪里得到职业培训，获得工作技能，这导致我们落后于我们的那些竞争者们。It
11、is almost as if federal programs were designed not to work. In truth, few are “designed” at all; the legislative process simply churns them out, one after another, year after year. Its little wonder that when asked if “government always manages to mess things up,” tow-thirds of Americans say “yes.”似
12、乎联邦计划是专门设计成为不能切实操作的表面文章。事实上，几乎没有计划是故意设计成这样的；立法机关不过年复一年的艰难的重复制定出一个又一个这些无效的计划。毫无疑问，如果我们问“是不是联邦政府运行的一团糟”三分之二的美国人会回答“是”。To borrow the words of a recent Brookings Institution book, we suffer not only a budget deficit but a performance deficit. Indeed, public opinion experts argue that we are suffering th
13、e deepest crisis of faith in government in our lifetimes. In past crisesWatergate or the Vietnam War, for exampleAmericans doubted their leaders on moral or ideological grounds. They felt their government was deceiving them or failing to represent their values.Todays crisis is different: people simp
14、ly fell that government doesnt work.借用布鲁克林协会书刊上的一句话，我们正被痛苦的煎熬着，不仅仅是预算赤字，还有政府绩效的失灵。确实是这样的，民意专家告诉大家我们的政府正在承受着前所未有的信誉危机。以前的危机，像水门事件或是越南战争，美国民众只是对政府的道德观和意识形态产生怀疑， 他们感觉到自己被政府欺骗了，或者说是政府没能成功地代表他们的价值观。今天的危机却是不同的：人们就是认为政府运作失败。In Washington, debate rarely focuses on the performance deficit. Our leaders spend
15、most of their time debating policy issues. But if the vehicle designed to carry out policy is broken, new policies wont take us anywhere. If the car wont turn, it hardly matters where we point it; we wont get there. Today, the central issue we face is not what government does, but how it works.在华盛顿，
16、政府从不在绩效失灵上讨论。我们的领导者将大部分的时间用来讨论政策问题。但是如果贯彻执行政策的车辆不能运转了，新政策又能带我们驶向何方呢？如果车辆出故障了，那么我们的目的地在哪已经不重要了，因为我们永远无法到达。现今我们最重要的问题不是政府做什么而是怎么做。We have spent too much money for programs that dont work. Its time to make our government work for the people, learn to do more with less, and treat taxpayers like customer
17、s.我们在无效的项目上花费了太多。现在是我们的政府学会如何为民众服务，如何多干事少花钱，同时要将我们的纳税人看作我们的顾客来对待的时候了。President Clinton created the National Performance Review to do just that.In this report we make hundreds of recommendations for actions that, if implemented, will revolutionize theway the federal government does business. They wil
18、l reduce waste, eliminate unneeded bureaucracy, improve service to taxpayers, and create a leaner but more productive government. As noted in the preface, they can save $108 billion over five years if those which will be enacted by the president and his cabinet are added to those we propose for enac
19、tment by congress. Some of these proposals can be enacted by the president and his cabinet, others will require legislative action. We are going to fight for these changes. We are determined to create a government that works better and costs less.克林顿总统创办的政府绩效回顾报告应运而生，在这份报告中，我们针对历年来已经实施了的项目提出了许多的建议，这
20、些建议将对我们的行事方式进行改革。这将减少开支，精简不必要的官僚机构，提高对纳税人服务的品质质量， 这样就能建设一个精简而多产的政府了。就像在序文中提到的一样，如果总统和他的内阁制定的条例能够补充到国会制定的政策中，联邦政府能够在五年中节省1080亿美元。我们正在为这样的改变而奋力拼搏，我们下定了决心要建设一个多办事少花钱的政府。A cure worse than the disease Government is not alone in its troubles. As the Industrial Era has given way to the Information Age, ins
21、titutions-both public and private-have come face to face with obsolescence. The past decade has witnessed profound restructuring: In the 1980s, major American corporations reinvented themselves; in the 1990s, governments are struggling to do the same. 不仅仅是政府有自身的问题。随着信息时代取代了工业时期，无论是公共的还是私人的机构都面临着退化的难
22、题。过去的十年见证了意义深远的机构重组：在19世纪八十年代， 主要的美国公司对自身进行了彻底的改造；在十九世纪九十年代，政府也开始进行机构重组。In recent years, our national leaders responded to the growing crisis with traditional medicine. They blamed the bureaucrats. They railed against “fraud. Waste and abuse.”And they slapped ever more controls on the bureaucracy to
23、 prevent it.But the cure has become indistinguishable from the disease. The problem is not lazy or incompetent people; it is red tape and regulation so suffocating（令人窒息）that they stifle every ounce of creativity. No one would offer a drowning man a drink of water. And yet, for more than a decade, we
24、 have added red tape to a system already strangling in it.最近这些年，我们的国家领导者用过去的旧药来治疗日益变化的危机。他们批判官僚，反对欺骗，浪费和滥用。接着他们为了阻止这一切转而加大了对官僚的控制。 但是处方和弊病逐渐无法区分了。问题不在于政府工作人员的懒散或是无能力，而在于繁文褥节和死板的规章制度令人窒息，以至于创造力都被扼杀了。没有人会给一个淹死的人一杯水。然而我们仍然将繁琐的章程加之于已经被此扼杀的系统上。The federal government is filled with good people trapped in
25、bad systems: budget systems, personnel systems, procurement systems, financial management systems, information systems. When we blame the people and impose more controls, we make the systems worse. Over the past 15 years, for example, Congress has created within each agency an independent office of
26、the inspector general. The idea was to root out fraud, waste, and abuse. The inspectors general have certainly uncovered important problems. But as we learned in conversation, they have so intimidated federal employees that many are now afraid to deviated even slightly from standard operating proced
27、ure.许多有能力的人员被一些糟糕的系统部门给困住了，像预算系统，人事系统，掌控系统，财政管理系统，信息系统。当我们责怪员工办事不力甚至对他们进行更严厉的控制时，这个系统的运作更加糟糕。在过去的年里，举例来说，国会为检察长在每个行社设立一个独立的办公室。这样是为了根除欺骗，浪费和滥用。检察长当然能够发现一些重要的问题，就像我们在谈话中了解到的一样，许多被监控的员工都不敢有一丝一毫偏离标准的操作程序。Yet innovation, by its nature, requires deviation. Unfortunately, faced with so many controls, many
28、 employees have simply given up. They do everything by the bookwhether it makes sense or not. They fill out forms that should never have been created, follow rules that should never have been imposed, and prepare reports that serve no purposeand are often never even read. In the name of controlling
29、waste, we have created paralyzing inefficiency. Its time we found a way to get rid of waste and encourage efficiency.然而创新本质上是不需要太循规蹈矩的。不幸的是，许多员工在面对这么多监控的时候就放弃了按照自己的想法去做。他们不管规章时否正确，程序是否合理，他们仍照本宣科。他们填着无聊的表格，遵照本不应该执行的规则，还准备那些毫无意义的报告，甚至这些报告从未被宣读过。我们竟以控制浪费的名义使系统变得更加无效。现在正是我们避免浪费提高效率的时候了。The root problem:
30、 Industrial-Era bureaucracies in Information Age根本问题：工业社会的官僚体制在信息时代Is government inherently incompetent? Absolutely not. Are federal agencies filled with incompetent people? No. The problem is much deeper: Washington is filled with organizations designed for an environment that no longer existsburea
31、ucracies so big and wasteful they can no longer serve the American people. 难道说政府本质上就是无能的吗？显然不是。难道说联邦政府的工作人员都没有能力？也不是。问题隐藏的很深：政府组织不能够适应环境和时代的发展，官僚机构的繁冗和浪费已经不能很好的为美国人民服务了。From the 1930s through the 1960s, we built large, top-down, centralized bureaucracies to do the publics business. They were pattern
32、ed after the cooperate structures of the age: hierarchical bureaucracies in which tasks were broken into simple parts, each the responsibility of a different layer of employees, each defined by specific rules and regulations. With their rigid preoccupation with standard operating procedure, their vertical chains of command, and their standardized services, these bureaucracies were steady-but slow and cumbersome. And in todays world of rapid change, lightning-quick information technologies, tough global competition, and demanding custome
