1、独立主格总结与练习独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的常见形式独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We s
2、hall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have
3、done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲
4、了进来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准
5、备开始写一封长信。独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the
6、 shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp bur
7、ning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了.三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，
8、相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture w
9、ill be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was r
10、ed with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。四、使用独立主格结构的几点注意1. 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over),
11、 the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2. 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2) 在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m3. 在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主
12、格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.
13、5. 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。独立主格结构中的非谓语动词用法独立主格结构的基本形式是“名词或代词+形容词（副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等）”。本文主要归纳“名词或代词+非谓语动词”这一结构的用法。1. 名词或代词+不定式其中的不定式通常表示
14、尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。如：Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。2. 名词或代词+现在分词其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（
15、或当时正在进行）。如：She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向导，我们探查了那些洞穴。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。如：Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports
16、 ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。3. 名词或代词+过去分词其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义。如：Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙，约翰也不例外。All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完这件事之后，他们接下来就开始清理房间。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。【现
17、学现用】11. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things _, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. being considered3. The river _ in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to
18、 rise B. rose C. having risen D. being risen4. More time _, we should have done the job much better. A. to give B. give C. being given D. given5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _.A. permits B. permitting C. to permit D. permitted6. The monitor _ ill, wed better put the meeting off. A. bei
19、ng B. to be C. been D. to have been7. An important lecture _ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _ under his head.A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing9. Tom _ late over and
20、over, his boss was very disappointed.A. having been B. been C. to be D. to being10. Other things _ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. being B. to be C. been D. having been【现学现用】21. A new technique _, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. A)working out C) having been wo
21、rked out B) having worked out D)to have been worked out 2. All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered 3. All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A) had been cancele
22、d B) have been canceled C) were canceled D) having been canceled 4. So many directors _, the board meeting had to be put off. A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent 5. All the tasks _ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. A) been fulfilled B) having been
23、fulfilled C) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled 6. All flights _ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. A) having been canceled C) having canceled B) had been canceled D) were canceled 7.The speech _, a lively discussion started. A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be d
24、elivered D) having been delivered 8. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _ it closely. A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following 9. _, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. A) Other things be
25、ing equal C) To be equal to other things B) Were other things equal D) Other things to be equal10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches，chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated 11. _ the temperature falling so rapidly, we c
26、ouldnt go on with the experiment.A) Since B) For C) As D) With 12. _ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest city C) Once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was 【现学现用】31. The meeting_
27、over, we all left the room. （上海1987） A. is B. to be C. being D. would be 2. European football is played in 80 countries, it_ the most popular sport in the world. （NMET1998）A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 3. _such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. （NMET2001）
28、 A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 4. The fish_ bad, the children left much of it . A. tasted, untouched B. tasting, untouched C. tasting, untouching D. tasted, untouching 5._ from what you say, he ought to succeed. A. Judged B. Judging C. When you judged D. Because you judge
29、6. Everything_ into consideration, they ought to have another chance. A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking 7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _, we didntaccept the offer. A.not being finished B.not having finished C.had not been finished D.was not finishe
30、d 8.There are various kinds of metals, each _ its own properties (特性). A.has B.had C.to have D.having 9.The old man stood under a big tree, _. A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe in his mouth 10.The production _ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw
31、 material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up 独立主格结构巩固练习11. _ no bus, we had to walk home.A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were2. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Times permitting3._, we all went home happily.A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. W
