1、中考英语常考易错点 专题九 动词分类和时态2019-2020年中考英语常考易错点 专题九 动词分类和时态易错清单一、 易混动词1. 几个“花费”:spend,take,pay,costspend多用人作主语,后接金钱或时间。spend.on sth/ (in)doing sth。如:I spent 15 yuan on this new book.买这本新书我花了15元。 take常用于 “It takes sb some time to do sth”句型中,如: It often takes me half an hour to go to school by bike every day
2、.我每天骑车去学校要花半小时。 pay常与for连用,表“付给款”。如:I paid 15 yuan for this new book. cost常用物作主语,表“价值或花费多少钱”。如:This new book costs me 15 yuan.2. 几个“看”:look,see,watch,read,find look 看,表动作,look at。see 看见,表结果;也可说看电影“see a film”。 watch 观看比赛、演出、电视等。read读书看报等文字材料。3. 几个与“看”有关的词或词组:look for, find, find out, look after, tak
3、e care of, look over, look forward to look for寻找,表过程。find发现,找到,表结果。find out 找出,查明。look after, take care of 均表示“照看,照顾”。look over 检查身体等。look forward to盼望,期待。4. 几个“说”:say, speak, talk, tell say用作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时,侧重说的内容;say用作不及物动词时,不涉及所说的内容。如:Please say it in English.这个请用英语说。Its hard to say. 很难说。Easie
4、r said than done.说起来容易,做起来难。say之后通常跟直接引语、间接引语或宾语从句。如:The teacher said,“Please look at me.” 老师说:“请看着我”。Our teacher said that the earth goes around the sun. 老师说地球围绕太阳运行。含有say的固定搭配和常见的句型有:say to oneself 自言自语;say“Hi/Hello”to sb. 向某人问好; have nothing to say to对无话可说;say a good word for sb. 为某人说好话;They say.
5、 / Its said. (据说);That is to say那就是说。 speak用作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时,意思是“讲、说某种语言”;用作不及物动词时,意思是“说/说话”。如:Do you speak English? 你讲英语吗?He can speak several foreign languages. 他会讲好几种外语。Speak up. I cant hear you.大声点,我听不见。They often speak of you.他们经常谈到你。speak作“说/说话”讲时,与talk可以互换使用。如:The baby is learning how to s
6、peak / talk.那个婴儿正在学说话。speak与介词to连用,作“说话”讲,打电话时常用。如:Hello,may I speak to Tom? 喂,请汤姆接电话,好吗?Who is speaking? 你是谁?This is Li Hong speaking. 我是李红。含speak的短语、固定搭配和句型常见的有:speak to / with. 与讲话; speak up大声说;speak at the meeting 在会上发言;speak highly of称赞;speak for sb. 为某人说话; speak in public 当众发言。talk 用作不及物动词,作“说
7、话”讲时与speak可以互换使用。作“交谈”讲时,通常与介词to / with连用。如:The baby cant talk yet.那个婴儿还不会讲话。They often talk in English.他们经常用英语交谈。Id like to talk to her.我想和她谈一谈。talk用作名词时,可以与动词have一起构成短语“have a talk with”,意思是“和谈一谈”。如:May I have a talk with you?我可以和你谈一谈吗?含talk的短语、固定搭配和句型常见有:talk to/with sb. 和某人谈话;talk about谈论;have a
8、 talk with sb. 和某人谈话/谈一谈; talk of谈到/讲到;talk out说完; talk in English用英语交谈;tell用作及物动词,意思是“讲、说”,指说实话,说出事实的真相,讲故事等。如:My mother often tells me stories. 妈妈经常给我讲故事。Please tell me the truth.请告诉我事实的真相。The boy never tells lies. 那个孩子从不说谎。Nobody can tell how the Pyramids were built.没有人能说出金字塔是怎样建成的。tell表示命令时,作“叫、
9、告诉”讲,常见的句型是“tell sb to do sth.”,意思是“叫/告诉某人做某事”。如:Tell him to come to my office.叫/告诉他到我的办公室来。 Tell them not to look out of the window.叫他们不要向窗外望。含有tell的短语、固定搭配和常用句型有: tell sb. a story给某人讲故事; tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人关于某事的情况;tell sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事;tell a lie 说谎; tell the truth 说实话。say接说话的内容,作及物动词。sa
10、y sth to sb 对某人说某事。如: Did you say goodbye to your granny?你和你外婆说再见了吗?speak常指能说某种语言,打电话时常用它表示说话,也有“演讲”的意思,不强调说话的内容。如:We can speak Chinese and English.我们可以说汉语和英语。May I speak to Henry?我可以和亨利讲话吗?He will speak at the meeting tonight.他将在今晚的会议上发言。talk多是不及物动词,指交谈、谈论;作名词时有演讲、报告之意。tell的意思是“告诉某人;讲述;吩咐某人做”,多为及物动
11、词,后面多接两个宾语。5. 几个“穿,戴”:put on,wear,dress(up)put on指“穿上、戴上”,强调动作,代词多放在中间。wear指“穿着,戴着”,表示状态。dress指“给某人穿衣服”,其宾语多是指人。dress up 指“穿上盛装,打扮”。6. 几个“到达”:reach,arrive in/at,get toreach是个及物动词,它后面可以直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。arrive是个不及物动词,后面接表示地点的名词作宾语时需在宾语前加介词in或at(在国家和较大的城市或地区前用in,较小的地方或单位前用at)。 get to 表示到达,多用于口语中。注意:当表示到达h
12、ere,there,home时,arrive或get后不要加介词。7. 几个“带、拿”:bring,take,get,carry bring指将某物或某人从离说话人较远处“拿来”或“带来”。 take指将某物或某人从离说话人较近处“带到”或“拿到”离说话人较远处。get指从说话人所在位置到别处把某物拿来。 carry不强调动作来去的方向,只说明动作方式,表示“背着、扛着、提着、载着”等含义。8. 几个与“听”有关的词或词组:listen to,hear,hear of,hear fromlisten to 听,表示听的动作。hear 听见,听到,表示结果。hear of 听说。hear fro
13、m收到某人的信息或来信。9. beat和winbeat表示“赢”或“打败”,后面要接被打败的对手。win用作及物动词时,后面接的不是被打败的对手,而是比赛本身、游戏、战争、名次等。10. rise和raiserise是不及物动词,表示“上升、提高、增长”等。raise是及物动词,表示“举起、抬起”。11. borrow,lend和keepborrow指其逻辑主语从别处或别人那里“借来”东西,常与介词from连用。lend指其逻辑主语将东西“借出、借给”别人,常与介词to连用。keep表示“保存”,与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。12. receive和acceptreceive的意思是“收到了”
14、,只表示收到某物,并不表明同意或不同意接受的含义。accept表示“接受”,“同意接纳”,如接受物体、邀请、批评等。如:He received an invitation from her and accepted it happily.他收到了她的邀请,并且很愉快地接受了。13. answer与replyanswer意为“回答、响应、答复、接听电话”等,多作及物动词。reply意为“回答、答复”,是不及物动词,后需加介词to,at等再加宾语。14. hope与expect hope指主观上的愿望,但在客观上不一定有实现的可能性,常接that从句、动词不定式或以介词for引出的短语。expec
15、t着重指客观上有可能实现的“期待、期望”等,其后可接名词、代词、动词不定式或that从句。15. lie和laylie有多个意思:表示“躺;展示;位于”时,其变化是lay,lain,lying;表示“说谎”时,其变化是lied,lied,lying。lay的含义是“放置、产卵”等。其变化是laid,laid,laying。二、 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别它们所表示的动作都发生在过去,但二者又有区别:一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情,与现在没有关系;现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作,它不与表示过去的时间状语(如yes
16、terday,last week,a moment ago等)连用。如:These farmers have been to the United States.这些农民去过美国了。Really? When did they go there?真的吗?他们什么时候去的?Have you finished your homework? 你完成作业了吗?Yes,I did it a moment ago. 是的,我刚刚做的。三、A)词组have/has been in/to与have/has gone to的区别“have/has gone to+地点”表示“某人去了某地(还未回来)”,指主语所指
17、的人不在这儿。“have/has been in+地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to+地点”表示“曾经去过某地(但现在已不在那儿)”。如:My father isnt at home. He has gone to Beijing.我爸爸不在家,他去北京了。I have been in Beijing for 10 years. 我待在北京十年了。I have been to that city,and I dont want to go there again.我去过那座城市了,我不想再去了。B)would rather与prefer
18、 towould rather相当于一个情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式构成句型:would rather do sth.,意为“宁可/愿做,还是的好。”这种结构可以表示“喜欢/爱”。would与代词连用时通常用缩写d。其否定结构为:would rather not do sth.,意思是“宁可/愿不做”。如:They would rather use colors like orange and yellow.他们宁愿使用像橙色和黄色这样的颜色。Id rather not tell you about it.关于这件事我不愿告诉你。would rather与than连用时,than前、后
19、连接两个平衡结构,意为“宁而不;与其不如。”如:Id rather go shopping in Sunshine Town than in Moonlight Town.我宁愿去阳光城购物,也不愿去月光城。Id rather put the picture on my home page than show it to everyone.我宁愿把照片放在家庭网页上,而不愿把它给每个人看。would ratherthan可以用来表示个人的选择或谈论别人的选择。如:Id rather help Mum do a lot of housework than watch too much TV at
20、 weekends.在周末,我宁愿帮妈妈干点家务活,也不愿看太多的电视。He would rather give away his money to the poor than enjoy himself. 他宁愿把钱送给穷人,也不愿自己享受。动词prefer 用作及物动词时,之后通常跟名词/动名词作宾语,再加to 加名词/动名词,即“prefer A to B”结构,意为“喜欢A胜过B;宁愿A不愿B”。如:I prefer modern drama to Beijing Opera. 我喜欢话剧胜过京剧。I prefer walking to jogging.我宁愿散步而不愿慢跑。有时“pr
21、efer doing sth. to doing sth.”结构可以与“would rather do sth. than do sth.”结构互换使用。如:I prefer singing to dancing.我宁愿唱歌不愿跳舞。(=Id rather sing than dance.)I prefer playing football to playing basketball. 我宁愿踢足球也不愿打篮球。(=Id play football rather than play basketball.)I always prefer getting up early rather than
22、 going to school without breakfast. 我总是早起,而不是不吃早饭去上学。(= I would rather get up early than go to school without breakfast.)注意点:“prefer A to B”与“prefer A rather than B”有时可以互换使用。如:I prefer fish to chicken. 我宁愿吃鱼不愿吃鸡。该句相当于:I prefer fish rather than chicken.四、 瞬间性动词与延续性动词的区别瞬间性动词表示短暂的、不能持续一段时间的动作,如:come,
23、leave, begin, become, buy, receive, die, join, borrow, lend, go等。瞬间性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作,如:work, stay,live,learn,read,write,wait 等。例如:她已经离开沈阳一个月了。误:She has left Shenyang for a month.正:She has been away from Shenyang for a month.但是瞬间动词的否定结构可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间。如:She often
24、goes on business. But she hasnt left Shenyang for a month. 她经常出差办事,但她已经一个月没离开沈阳了。提分策略英语动词的“时态”是谓语动词表示动作发生时的各种形式。中考英语试题常考动词的辨析用法和常用时态,即:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时五种时态是考查的重点。动词时态的判断技巧如下:1. 根据时间状语与时态的对应关系确定时态动词特定的时态常常与特定的时间状语联系在一起,如由this time yesterday可知用过去进行时;由so far,in the past three years,till no
25、w可知要用完成时,等等。【例1】(2014浙江宁波29)Are you surprised at the ending of the movie?No,because Ithe story. A. read B. will readC. have read D. was reading【解析】 考查动词的时态。句意:你对影片的结尾感到惊讶吗?不,因为我读过这个故事。根据句意句子应用现在完成时,故选C。【答案】C【例2】(2013贵州安顺26)Dadthe USA in two weeks.A. is leave for B. leaves forC. is leaving for D. lef
26、t for【解析】考查动词的时态。“in+时间段”是一般将来时的标志,leave等表示地点位置转移的动词的进行时态可以表达将来含义。故选C。【答案】C2. 根据固定句型与动词时态间的对应关系确定时态在英语中,不少句型与一些动词在时态的运用方面都存在着特定的对应关系。如:(1)在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中,陈述句中用will表示的一般将来时;(2)was/were about to do. when. 或was/were doing. when. 或was/were on the point of doing. when. 句型中,when分句的谓语动词用一般过去时,(3)在一个含有
27、时间状语从句的主从复合句中,如果主从句的谓语动词都是过去发生的动作,一般来说,表示短暂性动作的动词用一般过去时,表示持续性动作的动词用过去进行时;等等。【例1】(2013四川雅安14)If farmers trees and forests,giant pandas nowhere to live.A. cut down;have B. will cut down;will haveC. will cut don;have D. cut down;will have【解析】考查主句与从句的时态。if引导的条件状语从句,遵循“主将从现”的原则,即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,所以选D。【答
28、案】D【例2】(2013黑龙江齐齐哈尔6)What you when the captain came in?A. are;doing B. did;do C. were;doing【解析】考查过去进行时态。根据时间状语从句“when the captain came in”可知句意为:队长来的时候你在干什么?时间状语为一般过去时态,所以主句要用过去进行时态,故选C。【答案】C3. 短语动词与动词短语动词+副词构成的短语动词相当于及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时,如果是代词做宾语的话,必须把代词放在动词和副词之间。动词短语比较复杂,需要熟记。常见的有:give sb. a hand (助某
29、人一臂之力);ask/tell sb. to do sth. Invite sb. to do sth. have difficulty in doing sth. (做某事费劲/由困难)等。【例】(2014山东滨州21)Smoking is bad for your health. Youd better.A. set it up B. give it upC. pick it up D. look it up【解析】考查短语动词的用法。该句表示建议,因为抽烟有害,建议放弃,不是建立、捡起或查找。故选B。【答案】B4. 根据上下语境来确定时态在绝大多数情况下,动词的时态是由上下文来决定的,这
30、就要求我们一方面要熟记各种时态的适用范围,另一方面要求我们注意上下文的提示。【例】(2013湖北武汉27)What does Toms uncle do?He is a teacher. Hephysics at a school now.A. will teach B. has taught C. teaches D. taught【解析】考查动词的时态。句意:汤姆的叔叔是干什么的?他是一名老师。他现在在一所学校教物理。”根据问句时态以及时间状语now可以判断用一般现在时。故选C。【答案】C专项训练1. (2014安徽5)Tom there for 10 months since he ba
31、ck to his hometown.A. has lived;gets B. has lived;got C. lived;go D. lived;has got 2. (2014湖北枣阳33) Where is your father?He Shanghai on business for several days.A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been in D. has left for3. (2014江苏盐城10) Do you know the young man well?Sure,we friends since we met in Nanjing three years ago.A. have been B. wereC. hav
