1、生物医学工程医疗仪器中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译Present status and problems of domestic medical instrument engineering. Biomedical Engineehng In recent years considerable progress has been achieved in domestic medical instrument engineering. Many plants and scientific-research organizations of machine-making and the de
2、fense industry have changed their profile toward production of medical equipment. However, medical equipment often meets a reluctant market because of funding cuts in health services. Medical organizations often cannot satisfy even their basic requirements for diagnostic and therapeutic devices. Als
3、o, health service organizations tend to buy foreign rather than domestic medical equipment because the former are easily available on the domestic market and prices for both are comparable because of inflation. The transition to a market economy in Russia has had substantial impact on the relations
4、between domestic manufactur- ers and consumers of medical devices. The spectrum and quality of available items has been significantly extended in recent years. It should be also noted that available models of medical devices are continuously updated, which makes them sufficiently competitive. Repres
5、entative information on the updating dynamics of domestic medical equipment is summarized in Table 1. The data were provided by the VNIIMP-VITA Joint-Stock Company, which compiles a data bank of such information. Generally, new items account for 37% of total production of medical devices. Routinely
6、produced devices (duration of production, 2-5 years) account for 28%. Medical devices of long-term production (5-10 years) account for 17% and obsolete nomenclature (devices produced for more than 10 years) accounts for 18%. It is seen from Table 1 that in recent years there has been considerable pr
7、ogress in the updating of production of medical equipment. For example, according to the VNIIMP-VITA Joint-Stock Company, the share of the items that have been produced for no longer than 5 years in 1988 did not exceed 35%, while now it is 65%. For the items that have been produced for more than 10
8、years such shares are 40 and 18%, respectively. Updating of produced medical devices was encouraged by the increase in the number of designers and manufacturers, particularly those of former defense industry facilities. In collaboration with foreign partners they set up joint ventures for producing
9、medical equipment. Analysis of the updating of the various groups of medical equipment is of substantial interest. It is seen from Table 1 that detoxication devices contribute dominantly to the group of items that have been updated within the standard period of up to 5 years (100% of production, inc
10、luding modern devices for hemodialysis and hemosorption). Comparatively high updating indices are observed for devices for functional diagnosis: 72% of these devices have been produced for no longer than 5 years, and obsolete devices account for only 9% of total production. However, it should be not
11、ed that although production of some obsolete devices has been terminated, equipment of similar functional capacity is still urgently needed. Relatively low updating indices are observed among the devices for intensive care and resuscitation: 16% of new items and comparatively many obsolete devices (
12、26%). Among new models apparatuses for artificial lung ventilation are worth mention. However, some apparatuses, which have been developed long ago are still on the market because they have good performance, are quite reliable, and still are in demand. This reduces the updating index of the group as
13、 a whole. All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute for Medical Instrument Engineering, Rusaian Academy of Medical Sciences (VNIIMP-VITA Joint-Stock Company), Moscow. Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 4-9, January-February, 1996. Original article submitted August 23, 1995. 0006-3398
14、/96/3001-0001515.00 y Plenum Publishing Corporation TABLE 1. Updating of Basic Groups of Medical Devices and Apparatuses (% of total nomenclature) 这里有个表The lowest updating indices are observed for devices for examining a patients body structures. These are: ophthalmological, otolaryngological, and a
15、nthropometric devices, endoscopes, etc. The share of obsolete devices is high (44%), while the devices which have been produced for no more than 5 years account for only 20% of total production. It should be noted that these results on medical equipment updating are important general estimates, alth
16、ough they do not take into consideration specific achievements and shortcomings in the production of individual items. Therefore, some corresponding amendments are required. Our survey of available information, including the VNIIMP-VITA Joint-Stock Company data bank, materials presented at various e
17、xhibitions, and recent literature, shows that domestic medical industry has developed a number of original medical devices and apparatuses which were designed to replace similar obsolete models. However, many types of important and necessary medical devices still do not meet contemporary requirement
18、s, and some types of devices are not produced at all. For example, in recent years production of some sophisticated medical devices (apparatuses for intensive care, resuscitation, and anesthesiology; devices for artificial lung ventilation, respiratory narcosis devices, extracorporeal circulation) s
19、ignificantly rose, particularly at the former defense industry facilities, and their quality has been significantly improved. The functional performance of the devices is generally on par with foreign analogs. Perfusion units have also been improved and their production has expanded. This allowed th
20、e demand of the health service organizations for such equipment to be satisfied completely. Modern domestic hemodialysis devices (Renart-10, Renan- 10RT, etc.) have been developed and brought into wide clinical practice. The development and production of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging systems
21、 (Obraz-3, TOROS) are considerable breakthroughs in domestic medical industry. This substantially extends diagnostic capacities of many health service organizations and provides them with topical diagnosis previously unavailable domestically, although it is quite common in developed foreign countrie
22、s. Domestic medical industry has begun production of pulse oximeters; these are of particular use in surgery and resuscita- tion. This bridged a substantial gap in the spectrum of available domestic medical devices. The Bilitest bilirubin meter, which has been recently developed and produced in Russ
23、ia, fully meets the requirements of maternity and childrens hospitals in devices for diagnosing jaundice. A high-standard radioimmunochemical laboratory was opened at the VNIIMP-VITA Joint-Stock Company to supply customers with necessary radioimmunochemical assay kits. A number of high-quality medic
24、al devices and instruments have been developed at the electronic industry plants and institutes. The following devices are particularly worthy of mention: - artificial cardiac valves of the Emitron Plant, which are on par with the best foreign analogs; - pH meters (Istok State Scientific-Manufacturi
25、ng Association); - Ikar long-term (up to 24 h) cardiomonitors with electronic memory (Kometa Central Scientific-Manufacturing Association); - radiothermographs and racliothermoscopes for detecting deeply located thermal fields in the human body (Oktyabr Manufacturing Association and Design Bureau fo
26、r Ecological and Medical Equipment); - original thermal imaging system (Institute of Radioelectronics and Automatics, Russian Academy of Sciences; OPTROS, Ltd.); - original computer-assisted system Cardiac Rhythms for monitoring oatient condition and pulsimetry (Institute of Chemical Physics, Russia
27、n Academy of Sciences; Ekos, Ltd.); - video system for endoscopic imaging (Zenit Scientific-Manufacturing Asociation; Elektron Scientific-Research and Manufacturing Association); - streamlined technology for producing disposable and reusable syringes, injection needles, and surgical threads. A numbe
28、r of other problems of domestic medical instrument-making industry have been successfully solved in recent years. For example, the number and quality of therapeutic devices, particularly for laser therapy, is quite sufficient. Research studies are carried out by many organizations including former d
29、efense industry facilities. Technologies which have been developed for other purposes give fruitful results in medical industry. According to our data, more than 150 models of such medical devices have been developed over the last 5 years. Some 100 of them are commercially available. Although domest
30、ic medical devices are often superior ot foreign analogs in terms of working performance and they are definitely less expensive, many of them are not in short demand and are virtually not used. However, this activity in many other areas of medical instrument engineering cannot be considered as suffi
31、ciently successful and rational. It should be noted that many newly developed models of domestic medical devices compare unfavorably with foreign analogs. This is particularly the case for X-ray and ultrasonic devices, electrocardiographic monitors, laboratory equipment, etc. Nevertheless, according
32、 to the VNIIMP-VITA Joint-Stock Company databank, certain positive trends have been observed in recent years even in these areas. However, most problems still remain unsettled and the conditions required to solve them have not yet been established. It is important to note that the serially produced X-ray apparatus RUM-20 (Mosrentgen Joint-Stock Company) has been significantly updated. The updated model RUM-20M-SG312 is commercially available in combination with the Sapfir domestic image intensifier or an image intensifier of a French manufacturer. The Kruiz fiat image intensifier has been de
