1、12018 考研英语（一）真题及参考答案（完整版）考研英语（一）真题及参考答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,its a necessary condition 1 many worthwhilethings:child
2、care,friendships,etc.On the other hand,putting your 2,in the wrong place oftencarries a high 3.4,why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good.5 people place their trust in an individualor an institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggersthe herding
3、instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another.Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9:In a Swiss study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the nosesof half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money tostrangers than were
4、their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us.A Canadian study foundthat children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container.The t
5、ester would ask,“Whats in here?”before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subjectwas then invited to look 15.Half of them found a toy;the other half 16 the container wasempty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked,the majority were 1
6、8 to cooperate with thetester in learning a new skill,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19,only five of the 30children paired with the“20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1.A onB likeC forD from2.A faithB concernC attentionD interest3.A benefitB debtC hopeD price4.A Therefore
7、B ThenC InsteadDAgain5.A UntilB UnlessCAlthoughD When6.A selectsB producesC appliesD maintains7.A consultB competeC connectD compare8.A atB byC ofD to9.A contextB moodC periodD circle10.A counterpartsB substitutesC colleaguesD supporters11.A FunnyB LuckyC OddD Ironic12.A monitorB protectC surpriseD
8、delight13.A betweenB withinC towardD over14.A transferredB addedC introducedD entrusted215.A outB backC aroundD inside16.A discoveredB provedC insistedD remembered17.A betrayedB wrongedC fooledD mocked18.A forcedB willingC hesitantD entitled19.A In contrastBAs a resultC On the wholeD For instance20.
9、A inflexibleB incapableC unreliableD unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C orD.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one
10、that will probably gounmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of beingautomated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionatelysquee
11、zed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots.But manymiddle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering have aroused theirinterest,or soon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological
12、upheaval has benefited workersin the past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced bymechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand b
13、y driving downprices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workersmay need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums from grammar schoo
14、l to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complexcommunication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills andhelping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.Itcould make extra
15、 training and instruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills willbe able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fadingbusiness dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous eras of dr
16、astictechnological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine laborand machines.The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap betwe
17、en capital income and laborincome,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,3and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boostincomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation,and reduce inequality.Techn
18、ology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this willbe little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workersadapt will be indispensable.21.Who wi
19、ll be most threatened by automation?A Leading politicians.B Low-wage laborers.C Robot owners.D Middle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the authors view?A Worries about automation are in fact groundless.B Optimists opinions on new tech find little support.C Issues arising from a
20、utomation need to be tackledD Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _.A creative potentialB job-hunting skillsC individual needsD cooperative spirit24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at _.A encouraging the dev
21、elopment of automationB increasing the return on capital investmentC easing the hostility between rich and poorD preventing the income gap from widening25.In this text,the author presents a problem with _.A opposing views on itB possible solutions to itC its alarming impactsD its major variationsTex
22、t 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americansdisapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer newsfrom the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on socia
23、l media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust has risen towardall media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users inthe politically critical state of Mich
24、igan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And4a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trustnews from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating factfrom fiction in cyberspace.A Kn
25、ight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources and prefernews from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias.“Many youngpeople assume a great deal of personal responsibility
26、for educating themselves and actively seekingout opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples relianceon social media led to gr
27、eater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately whilealso permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces usersto be more conscious of their role in passing along information.A survey by Barna r
28、esearch groupfound the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more sothan made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake newslies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media.In other words,thechoice
29、 to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is a realpersonal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone,editor in chief at BarnaGroup.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mentaldiscipline in thinki
30、ng skills and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many youngAmericans cast doubts on _.A the justification of the news-filtering practiceB peoples preference for social media platformsC the administrations ability to handle informationD social med
31、ia was a reliable source of news27.The phrase“beer up”(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to _.A sharpenB defineC boastD share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young people _.A tend to voice their opinions in cyberspaceB verify news by referring to diverse resourcesC have s strong sense
32、of responsibilityD like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is _.A readers outdated values5B journalistsbiased reportingC readersmisinterpretationD journalistsmade-up stories30.Which of the following would be the best title for
33、 the text?AARise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineBACounteractionAgainst the Over-tweeting TrendC TheAccumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains National HealthService(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.DeepMindis one of the
