1、高考英语语法必考考点动词时态和语态2019年高考英语语法必考考点（7）：动词时态和语态含解析李仕才【考点解读】一、动词的时态1一般现在时(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(2)表示客观事实
2、、普遍真理或自然现象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say，“because every step shows.”So what is the procedure?All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。My parents have promised to come to see me before I
3、 leave for Africa.(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.2一般过去时(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。I didnt realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a b
4、etter surgeon.Michaels father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.(2)注意句型：was/were about to do . when .中when后从句的动词用过去式。I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.3现在完成时常用的时
5、间状语有：so far, recently, lately, once/twice/three .times, before, ever, by now, in the last/past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since等。主要用于以下几种情况：(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。They
6、 have been good friends since they met at a meeting.Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。It is (has been)一段时间since从句This (That/It) is the first (second .) timethat从句This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema togeth
7、er as a family.在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。When shall we restart our business?Not until we have finished our plan.4过去完成时(1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常与for, since等构成的时间状语连用。He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he had had it for a very long time.We first me
8、t on a train in 2010.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years.(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这类动词常见的有：hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等。I had hoped to be back last night, but I didnt catch the train.(3)在特殊句式hardly/scarcely .when .; no sooner .than .中，主句
9、常用过去完成时，该句式意为“一就；刚就”。Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.5将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by将来的某个时间”。I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.I know. By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one.6现在进行时表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划
10、；go, come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。You are always studying in the library. Why not have a picnic this afternoon?7过去进行时(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。Did you catch what I said?Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No, I was doing my homework all day yesterda
11、y.(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.Im so sorry. But I was doing my homework.8现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the la
12、st three years.(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.9将来进行时将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。Can I call you bac
13、k at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five?二、动词的语态英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。被动语态的构成(以write为例)时间一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am/is/are w
14、rittenam/is/are being writtenhas/have been written过去was/were writtenwas/were being writtenhad been written将来shall/will be written1.get过去分词表被动They got married last week.He fell and got hurt.2主动形式表被动意义(1)系动词look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn等形容词/名词。The dish tastes delicious
15、.His plan proved (to be) practical.(2)表示主语的某种属性的词：read, write, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, shut等，其主语往往是物。What about the books?Books of this kind sell well.The door wont open.The pen writes smoothly.(3)be worth后常接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting.
16、(4)need, want, require, deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。Most house plants require regular watering. 三、解题技巧动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，一般占12道题。命题思路有三：一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能依据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，需要结合语境判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态语态，而是更多地侧重于时态的
17、交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清时间的先后关系，可根据不同情况采取“找标法”(寻找时间标志词)、“呼应法”(主从句时态呼应)、“搭配法”(固定搭配)、“语境法”等解题技巧。1、识别标志词如果题干中有标志性的时间状语，则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。例More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent解析 此题有明显的时间标志词last year，提示我们
18、应该使用一般过去时；句中的主语students是被送的对象，应该使用被动语态。答案为B。动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语，请同学们熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语：(1)一般现在时：often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等。(2)一般过去时：then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等。(3)现在进行时：now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。(4)过去
19、进行时：then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。(5)现在完成时： recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years, for+一段时间, since + 一点时间等。(6)过去完成时：before, by the end of last month/years等。(7)一般将来时：tomorrow, today, next week/month, in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等。(8
20、)过去将来时：the following month, the next week等。命题角度及对策高考测试动词时态须与句中时间状语一致时，常在题干中加入具体情景，以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力。敏锐捕捉时间标志词，并结合具体的语境，选择出正确的动词时态，是解决此类问题的良策。2、主从时态须呼应如果所给题干是主从复合句，可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态。命题角度及对策：近年来高考考查主从句的时态呼应时,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查。在根据时态呼应原则解题时，要把握好以下几点:(1)在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时，一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在
21、完成时表示将来完成时。(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间，并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。(3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时，考生应熟知以下规则：主句动词为现在时，则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态；主句动词为过去时，则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态 (表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)。3、仔细体会语境近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高，大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化，因此，仔细体会所给语境，根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题。例：Do you think we should accept that offer? Yes, we should, for we
22、_ such bad luck up till now, and time_ out.A. have had; is running B. had; is runningC. have; has been run D. have had; has been run【答案解析】 A。由时间标志词up till now知道，动作是从过去延续到现在，所以第一空要用现在完成时;而根据语境可知时间快要耗光了，所以第二空要用进行时表将来。Can you tell me the timetable of the _school bus?Well, the bus _here for the _campus
23、at 7:00 a.m.A. will leave B. left C.is leaving D. leaves【答案解析】 D。考查时态，“校班车的时间表”是规定好的事情，表示一般性动作用一般现在时。【真题分析】一、单项选择1. (2018北京卷) Hi, Im Peter. Are you new here? I havent seen you around?Hello, Peter. Im Bob. I just _ on Monday.A. start B. have started C. started D. had started【答案】C2. (2018北京卷) Susan ha
24、d quit her well-paid job and _ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is working B. was working C. has worked D. had worked【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意: Susan已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。Susan辞职发生在地当志愿者之前，是过去完时态，过去完时态通俗的说就是“过去的过去”，且结合时间状语 when I visited her last year可知，Susan做志愿
25、者是过去的某个时间段发生的情况，故该空应用过去进行时态。B选项正确 3. (2018北京卷) Chinas high-speed railways _ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown【答案】B4. (2018北京卷) A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _ in the mountains for two days.A. are tra
26、pping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped【答案】D【解析】考查语和付态。句意：一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。 “who _ in the mountains for two days”是定语从句，修饰 two tourists；two tourists和tap之间是被动关系，该空应用被动语态。由 risked可知，营救人员救游客是过去的事情，被困两天发生在营救人员救了他们之前，即过去的过去”，该空应用过去完成时态。综上，D选项正确。5. (2018天津卷) My washing m
27、achine _ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.A. was repaired B. is repairedC. is being repaired D. has been repaired【答案】C【解析】考查时态。句意：这周我的洗衣机正在修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。根据后句so I have to wash my clothes by hand.可知，洗衣机正在修，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。故选C。6. (2018江苏卷) Hopefullyin2025wewillnolongerbee-mailingeachother,
28、forwe _ more convenient electronic communicationtoolsbythen.A. have developed B. haddevelopedC. willhavedeveloped D. developed【答案】C【解析】考查时态。句意：希望在2025年，我们不再互相发电子邮件，因为到那时候我们将开发更方便的电子通信工具。根据时间状语in 2025，可知用将来时；再根据时间状语by then到那时，可知用完成时。结合两者可知用将来完成时。故选C。7. (2018江苏) Iwassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowth
29、edevelopmentplan_ inthepast two years.A. hadbeencarriedout B. would be carried outC. isbeingcarriedout D. has been carried out【答案】A【解析】考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语last month和in the past two years可知用过去完成时。故选A。8. (2017江苏卷) He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _.A. wa
30、s being followed B. was following C. had been followed D. followed【答案】A9. (2017北京卷) People_ better access to health care than they used to, and theyre living longer as a result.A. will have B. have C. had D. had had【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意：人们有着比过去更好的医疗保险，结果他们更长寿。与过去对比是现在，所以than前一句话是用现在的时间，而且后一句用的就是现在时态，所以前面也用现在时态，故选B。10. (2017北京卷) In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _ yet. A. havent invented B. havent been invented C. hadnt invented D. hadnt been invented【答案】D【解析】考查时态语态。句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除AC，事情发生在过去，与现
