1、1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.typical tipikl adj. 典型的；特有的；象征性的grassland r:slnd n. 草原；牧草地dweller dwel n. 居民，居住者continent kntinnt n. 大陆，洲，陆地antelope ntilup n. 羚羊；羚羊皮革pronghorn prh:n n. 脊椎 叉角羚；糜鹿美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。2. Of the millions who
2、 saw Haleys comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.Haley heili: n. 哈利（人名）comet kmit n. 天 彗星1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected i
3、n facial expressions.anthropologist ,nrpldist n. 人类学家；人类学者fear fi n. 害怕；恐惧；敬畏；担心happiness hpinis n. 幸福sadness sdnis n. 悲哀surprise spraiz n. 惊奇，诧异universally ,ju:niv:sli adv. 普遍地；人人；到处reflect riflekt v. 反映；反射，照出；反省facial feil adj. 面部的，表面的；脸的，面部用expression ikspren n. 表达，表示；表情；表现力人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都
4、会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.irritating iriteiti adj. 刺激的；气人的；使愤怒的 v. 刺激（irritate的ing形式）；激怒phenol fi:nl, fin- n. 石碳酸，有化 苯酚antiseptic ,ntiseptik n. 防腐剂，抗菌剂 adj. 防腐的，抗菌的；非常整洁的discontinued ,disknti
5、nju:d adj. 停止使用的；不连续的 v. 停止（discontinue的过去分词）由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.existence izistns n. 存在，实在；生存，生活；存在物，实在物profit-making prfit,meiki adj. 营利的；有利
6、可图的 n. 营利；赚钱organization ,:naizein, -niz- n. 组织；机构；体制；团体in the long run长远；终究desirable dizairbl adj. 值得要的；令人满意的 n. 合意的人或事物任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.population ,pp
7、julein n. 人口；种群，群体；全体居民locality luklti n. 所在；位置；地点transportation ,trnsptein, ,trnz-, ,tr:n- n. 运输；运输系统；运输工具disposal dispuzl n. 处理；支配；清理；安排refuse rifju:z n. 垃圾；废物一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expression
8、s that only obscure ones meaning.directly direktli, dai-, direkli adv. 直接地effectively ifektivli adv. 有效地，生效地；有力地vague vei adj. 模糊的；含糊的；不明确的；暧昧的employ impli vt. 使用，采用；雇用；使忙于，使从事于flowery flauri adj. 花的；华丽的；绚丽的；多花的obscure bskju vt. 遮掩；使变暗；使难理解简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。8. With modern offices becoming m
9、ore mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.mechanized meknaizd adj. 机械化的 v. 使机械化（mechanize的过去式和过去分词）personalize p:snlaiz vt. 使个性化severe sivi adj. 严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的；苛刻的interior intiri n. 内部；室内 adj. 内部的；国内的；本质的 interior designer室内设计师随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利
10、用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.libel laibl n. 诽谤罪；诋毁；毁坏名誉的东西；控诉书slander sl:nd n. 诽谤；中伤；谣言诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.knee ni: n. 膝盖
11、，膝joint dint n. 关节；接合处，接合点；接缝thigh ai n. 大腿，股lower leg小腿膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.acids sidz n. 酸，酸类；有酸味的东西（acid的复数）chemical kemikl n. 化学制品，化学药品;ad
12、j. 化学的compound kmpaund, kmpaund n. 化学 化合物；混合物water solution水溶液，水煎液sharp taste辛辣味corrosive krusiv adj. 腐蚀的；侵蚀性的dye dai vt. 染；把染上颜色酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。12. Billie Holidays reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs. reputa
13、tion ,repjutein n. 名声，名誉；声望rest rest vt. 把寄托于；依赖emotional imunl adj. 情绪的；易激动的；感动人的Billie Holidays作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.essentially isenli adv. 本质上；本来abstract bstrkt, bstrkt adj. 抽象的；深奥的sy
14、mbolic simblik adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的representation ,reprizentein n. 代表；表现；表示法；陈述conceive knsi:v vt. 构思；持有；以为；怀孕reality rilti, ri:- n. 现实；实际；真实理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making municat
15、e kmju:nikeit v. 通讯，传达；沟通儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.irrigation ,iriein n. 灌溉abundantly bndntli adv. 丰富地；大量地cacti kktai cactus kkts的复数形式 n. 仙人掌sagebrush seidbr n. 植 蒿属植物
16、（产于美国西部）受当代灌溉(技术设施)之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.timepiece taimpi:s n. 钟等各种计时器spur sp: v. 激励，鞭策accurate kjurt adj. 精确的sundial sndail n. 日晷，日规机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的(日晷sundials)，以便校准机械
17、计时器。17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.anthropology ,nrpldi n. 人类学rigorous rirs adj. 严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的technique tekni:k n. 技巧，技术；手法document dkjumnt vt. 用文件证明observation ,bz:vein n. 观察
18、；监视；观察报告check tek v. 核对无误；证明无误人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.fungi fai n. 真菌；菌类；蘑菇（fungus的复数）decay dikei n. 衰退，核 衰减；腐烂，腐朽ingredient
19、inri:dint n. 原料；要素；组成部分soil sil n. 土地；土壤enhance inh:ns vt. 提高；加强；增加fertility ftiliti n. 多产；肥沃decompose ,di:kmpuz vi. 分解；使腐烂 vt. 分解；腐烂debris deibri: n. 碎片，残骸真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long pe
20、riod of time.strike straik (struck, struck) vi. 打，打击；敲，敲击tune tju:n, tu:n n. 和谐；曲调；心情 v. 调谐；协调; 调整；为调音；使一致tuning fork 声 音叉pure pju adj. 纯的；纯粹的；纯洁的；清白的；纯理论的tone tun n. 语气；色调；音调；音色retain ritein vt. 保持；雇；记住pitch pit n.音高；程度；沥青音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southe
21、astern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.pecan pikn n. 美洲山核桃；美洲山核桃树plentiful plentiful adj. 丰富的；许多的；丰饶的Ohio uhaiu n. 俄亥俄州（美国一个州）Illinois ,ilini(z) n. 伊利诺斯州（美国州名）虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to othe
22、rs is often called scape-goating.eliminate ilimineit vt. 消除；排除transfer trnsf: vi. 转让；转学；换车 vt. 使转移；调任scapegoat skeiput vt. 使成为的替罪羊 n. 替罪羊，替人顶罪者；替身用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.chief ti:f adj. 首席的；主要的；主任的clim
23、ate klaimit n. 气候；风气；思潮；风土一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an events occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.trial trail n. 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼probability ,prbbilti n. 可能性；机率；数 概率event ivent n. 事件，大事；项目；结果occur k: vi. 发生；出现
24、；存在在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substances solid is higher than the density of its liquid.substance sbstns n. 物质；实质；资产；主旨contract kntrkt, kntrkt vi. 收缩；感染；订约vt. 感染；订约；使缩短freeze fri:z vi. 冻结；冷冻；僵硬 vt. 使冻住；使结冰density densti n. 密度大多数物质
25、遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.mechanism meknizm n. 机制；原理brain brein n. 头脑，智力；脑袋cell sel n. 细胞大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great wor
26、ldwide influence over art.到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York
27、Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.infirmary inf:mri n. 医务室；医院；养老院institution ,institju:n n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构；习俗completely kmpli:tli adv. 完全地，彻底地；完整地female fi:meil adj. 女性的staff st:f, stf n. 职员Elizabeth Blackwell，美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直为女性的纽约诊所。29. Alexander G
28、raham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.deaf def adj. 聋的inventor invent n. 发明家；专利 发明人；创造者Alexander Graham Bell曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemar
29、y became associated with the idea of remembrance.rosemary ruzmri, -mri n. 植 迷迭香remembrance rimembrns n. 回想，回忆；纪念品；记忆力采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.apparently prntli adv. 显
30、然地；似乎，表面上rigid ridid adj. 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的elasticity ,elstisti n. 弹性；弹力；灵活性withstand wistnd, wi- vt. 抵挡；禁得起；反抗 vi. 反抗impact impkt, impkt n. 影响；效果；碰撞；冲击力骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。32. That xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.xenon zenn, zi:- n. 化学 氙（稀有气体元素）科学家曾相
