1、呼啸山庄和简爱中仆人的作用和特点呼啸山庄和简爱中仆人的作用和特点Abstract(English).iAbstract(Chinese)iiChapter 1 Introduction.1Chapter 2 The Roles of Servants8Chapter 3 The Characteristics of Servants.27Chapter 4 Emily and Charlottes Presentation of Servants.46Chapter 5 Conclusion.51Bibliography.53iAbstractIn 1847,with the publicat
2、ion of Wuthering Heights,Agnes Grey and Jane Eyre,threeBronte sisters caused great curiosity of the readers and critics,especially Emily Bronte,theauthoress of Wuthering Heights,and Charlotte Bronte,the authoress of Jane Eyre.Janesstruggle for independence and her romantic love with Rochester and th
3、e passionate andcontroversial love between Catherine and Heathcliff have been reviewed for more than 100years.Many critics have made tremendous contributions to criticism of the sources of thenovels,their narrative styles and creating motivations as well as the analysis of theprotagonists.This thesi
4、s,however,focuses on the roles and characteristics of servants inthese two novels.Even though servants are minor characters,it doesnt follow that theyplay no roles and have no characteristic and therefore can be neglected.Although twonovels tell quite different stories,readers can easily find some i
5、nteresting and controversialimages of the servants who are inseparable from the development of the protagonists andthe whole stories.When they are confronted with the changeable fate of the protagonists,especially when there is the lacking of the image of the mother,they participate in theactions,ev
6、en intending to influence the protagonistsjudgment and showing their inbornconscience;some become totally callous and help to exacerbate the tragedy of theprotagonists.But employed,dependent and fundamentally confined in a low socialposition in patriarchal society in which men are supreme,they canno
7、t understand theexterior and interior struggle of protagonists,nor can they have independent thinking,despite the fact that some of them are somewhat literate and strongly religious.Byexposing the conscience and callousness demonstrated by the servants in two novels,thethesis intends to dig out the
8、social and psychological state of the servants in the early 19th century,finding that they are still enslaved in the patriarchal society.It is clear that Emilygives the reader richer and more vivid description of the servants,and pays more attentionto these people than Charlotte.ii摘要1847年，随着简爱、呼啸山庄、
9、阿格尼斯格雷的出版，勃朗特三姐妹引起了读者和评论界的极大兴趣，尤其是简爱的作者夏洛特?勃朗特和呼啸山庄的作者艾米莉?勃朗特。一百多年里，简对个人独立的不懈追求和她与罗切斯特先生之间浪漫而又波折的爱情故事，凯瑟琳和希刺克利夫之间狂热而又颇引人争议的爱情故事一直为人们所津津乐道。但是长期以来评论家们更多关注的是故事的主人公而忽略了次要人物。本文着眼于两部小说中的仆人形象，对简爱中的女仆贝丝和非而菲克斯太太、呼啸山庄里的耐莉和男仆约瑟夫进行了详细的分析。他们虽处于隶属地位，但他们具有各自的性格特征，并在小说中扮演一定的角色。他们不但亲眼目睹而且参加到了主人公跌宕起伏的命运当中，并试图施加影响以改变他
10、们的命运。通过对他们的分析，试图找出19世纪早期仆人的共同特征和生活状态，在他们身上既可以看到人性光芒的闪烁，良心的展现，同时也发现了人性的麻木、酸腐、冷酷、虚伪，但总的来说他们怎么也无法摆脱他们所隶属的父权社会对他们思想的深深烙印，没有多少自己独立的思想和自我。同时，通过分析也发现艾米莉?勃朗特给了这些人物更为细致的描述。 Chapter 1 IntroductionGrown up and educated in the early 19thcentury in Haworth,an industrial town whichis straddling in the main route
11、between Yorkshire and Lancashire,three Bronte sisters,Charlotte,Emily and Anne,drew much concern with the publication of their works,JaneEyre,Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey in the same year.Over centuries,the protagonists in their novels,the Brontes living context and theirspectacular lives have b
12、een analyzed and explored by numerous ardent readers of theirnovels and critics.The thesis focuses on the roles and characteristics of servants in Wuthering Heightsand Jane Eyre.Although those servants are minor characters,it does not follow that theydont play a role and have no distinct characteris
13、tics.In my opinion,it is worthwhile toattach importance to their roles and characteristics.The fact cant be ignored that in bothnovels the servants play a key role in the development of the changeable fate ofprotagonists and the plot with the image of mother lacking.It is known that after givingbirt
14、h to six children,Maria,Elizabeth,charlotte,Branwell,Emily and Anne,Mrs.Bronte,Maria Branwell,died when Charlotte was only six years old,and Emily only 3 years old.After their mother died of stomach cancer in 1821,the four eldest girls suffered fromprotracted hunger,illness,and cold at the harsh Cle
15、rgy DaughtersSchool at the CowanBridge in Lancashire,model for the Lowood School of Jane Eyre.In fact,their two oldersisters,Maria and Elizabeth,died at the school before Charlotte and Emily were withdrawnand brought home in 1825.Under such severe reality,they must have been hungry forwarmth,comfort
16、 and encouragement from people living with them.With the responsibilityof caring for six growing children,Patrick Bronte got the help from Elizabeth Branwell,Charlottes aunt,and also he employed some servants to help him while he could throwhimself into religion,politics and his innovations.It is re
17、corded that in April 1820 Patrick brought his wife,Maria,his six children,Maria,Elizabeth,Charlotte,Branwell,Emily and Anne as well as two maidservants to thenow famous parsonage in Haworth.Although his salary of around?170 was too small toenable them to acquire any savings and any luxuries,he could
18、 afford the wages for someservants1.At that time in Haworth the Bronte family was among the list of gentlemenshapter 1 Introduction2family.According to Juliet Barker,in the kitchen of parsonage in Haworth the children wouldgather round the fire to pass the long,dark winter evenings with their imagin
19、ary games andto listen to the tales of their much-loved servant,Tabby Aykroyd,who stayed with thefamily for thirty years2.Their servant,Sarah Garrs recollected that in evening sessions Patrick gathered hischildren around him“for recitation and talk,giving them oral lessons in history,biographyor tra
20、vel”3.As the only clergyman covering the entire chapel at that period,Patrick Bronte waskept immensely busy.On average he baptized 290 children and carried out 111 burials ayear4.With the mother lost at their early age and the father who was highly busy,theBronte children needed the care and warmth
21、from the image of mother.We have everyreason to believe that they got maternal love and counseling from Elizabeth Branwell,theiraunt,who came to live with the Brontes after the mother died and Tabby Aykroyd,aservant who lived with them for 30 years.The prototypes of Bessie,Mrs.Fairfax and NellyDean
22、were their aunt,Tabby Aykroyd and other maidservants.The influence those figureshad on the Bronte children was well presented in their novels.Since Charlotte had twoexperiences of being governess in 1839 and 1841,the creation of Bessie and Mrs.Fairfaxmight have been inspired by the servants in her e
23、mployers houses.While Emily had noexperience of being governess,the presentation of Nelly Dean was probably mostly fromher own family and account of her sisters.They had experiences of being children without the mothers care,so they naturallyturned to old servant and their aunt to seek comfort and e
24、mit their inner plight.Due to longexperience of living with the family and great knowledge of the family,especially of themaster,Patrick Bronte,the servants tended to exert their influence on those children,whichhelped the Bronte sisters to create the images of Nelly Dean in Wuthering Heights and Mr
25、s.Fairfax,Bessie in Jane Eyre.That is to say they experienced the life of living with servants personally.In their ownlife they were strongly influenced by servants since they had lost mother,and meanwhiletheir father was so busy.It is because servants,especially female servants,played anhapter 1 In
26、troduction3important role in their real life that in their created works,servants also played a vital role.Among the servants characterized in these two novels,only Nelly Dean caused greatattention at a given period,especially in 1950s and 1960s.John Fraser gave a humaneanalysis to Nelly Dean,declar
27、ing that Nelly did all the things in the name of action5.However,James Hafley argued that Nelly Dean isThe Villain in Wuthering Heights.Sheis both ambitious and resentful of her lack of status within the family,and uses herprivileged access to peoples emotional weaknesses to manipulate events so tha
28、t she is lefteffective mistress of Thrushcross Grange6.More attention was given to the narratingfunction Nelly played in Wuthering Heights,the critics think that her narration is notreliable.Through analyzing Nelly Dean,Joseph in Wuthering Heights and Mrs.Fairfax,Bessiein Jane Eyre,the thesis is int
29、ended to show that they play an important role in thedevelopment of the story,without their interference there would be another story.Theircharacteristics are stereotyped but complexed.Some are kind and conscious enough to givevaluable comfort to the protagonists in trouble and isolation,exerting th
30、e profoundinfluence on protagonists to provide a shelter for them.Others are not totally callous andmerciless,giving up the social bias to treat the protagonists cordially as they faithfullymaintain the social rules that they think to be conventional in light of norms of thepatriarchal society.Still
31、 others unconsciously lost their humane emotion and like a devilliving in the choking and isolated environment.1.1 Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte and their creationsLiving a seclusive life with her three sisters and one brother,Charlotte and Emily readvoraciously and rambled on the moors.Together,the four remaining Bronte children(Charlotte,Emily,Anne,and Branwell)vividly detailed imaginary worlds in story form,recording them in miniature volumes written in minute script.The three sisters,whenadults,d
