1、版高考英语专题化语法贯通市级重点高中版讲义专题五 动词的时态与语态专题五动词的时态与语态一般时态一般时态一般现在时一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作所谓一般时态，表示既不“进行”，又不“完成”。We have meals three times a day.我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯)He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)When I was a boy, I often went
2、 to play in that park.我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)1一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加s或es，其变化规则如下表所示：情况规则例词一般情况加shelps, eats, rises, reads以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词加esdiscussdiscussesteachteaches以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为iescarrycarriesflyfliesbe的变化：am, is, are。have的变化：has, have。(2)一般现在时的用法一般现在时除了可以表示现在的
3、经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态外，还可表示：客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用法即使出现在过去语境中，也用一般现在时。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。用于here, there开头的倒装句中，一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。There goes the bell.铃响了。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。2一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成一般过去时用动词的过去式表示，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示：情况规则例词一般情况加edpackpacked以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为iedcarrycarriedmarrymarried以
4、一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加edplanplannedchatchatted以不发音的e结尾的动词直接加dlikelikedprovideprovidedwas用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称。注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加ed。如：playplayed。(2)一般过去时的用法一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态外，还有以下用法：want, hope, think, intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原”之意。I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。He didnt intend to
5、 hurt you.他本来没打算伤害你。wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为，但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气。I wondered if you could do me a favour.我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。used to动词原形，表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了。We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)3一般将来时(1)一般将来时的构成shall动词原形(第一人称)will动词原形(各种人称)(2)一般将来时的用法一般将来时除了可以表示将来的动作或存在的状态
6、外，还有以下用法：will动词原形will可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。will表示将来，有时含偶然性、临时性决定的意思。Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?No. I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？不知道。我现在就去看他。be going to动词原形“be going to动词原形”多用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。He is
7、 going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在电视上讲话。Look at the dark clouds. Itis going to rain.看这些乌云，要下雨了。名师指津was going to 还可表示“过去本打算做某事，但未做”的意思。Tom, you didnt come to the party last night?I was going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.汤姆，你昨天晚上没来参加聚会吗？我本打算要来的，但是我突然记起来我有作业要做。be about to动词原
8、形/be on the point of动名词“be about to动词原形”及“be on the point of动名词”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”，因此，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when(and at that time)引出的分句连用。The train is about to start.火车就要开了。The plane is on the point of taking off.飞机马上就要起飞了。有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将
9、要发生的动作。Im leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情，这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、作息安排表等内容。We must hurry up. The first class begins at eight oclock.我们必须快点。第一节课将在八点开始。be to动词原形用法例句表示“按计划或安排即将要做的事”She is to get married next month.她将于下个月结婚。表示“按照职责、义务、规定等应该做某事”，相当于should, ought toYou ar
10、e to report it to the police.你应该报警。表示注定要发生的事情Your plan is to be a failure. 你的计划注定要失败。4过去将来时(1)过去将来时的构成should/would动词原形(2)过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。He said he would be here at nine oclock.他说他将在九点钟到这里。.单句语法填空(2017全国卷)Later, engineers_ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunne
11、ls (隧道), which became known as the Tube.解析：managed此处讲的是发生在过去的事情，所以用一般过去时，主语engineers和manage之间是主动关系，故填managed。(2017全国卷)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment, school _(come) first.”解析：comes此句是直接引语，陈述客观事实，根据前面句子的谓语可知，动词come应该使用一般现在时。(2017浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband _
12、 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.解析：searched根据后面的“but turned up nothing”可知，此处描述的是过去发生的行为，故要用一般过去时。(2015全国卷)This cycle _(go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside tempera
13、tures.解析：goes此处指这种循环日复一日地不断持续下去，由冒号后内容的时态可知这种情况是客观事实，故用一般现在时态。(2014北京高考改编)What time is it?I have no idea.But just a minute, I_(check)it for you.解析：will check句意：“几点了？”“我不知道。等等，我给你查一下”。根据句意可知，看表的动作还没有发生，因此应用将来时态。.单句改错(2017全国卷)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders,
14、 but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.解析：goeswent此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。(2017全国卷)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!解析：camecomes此处主句是一般将来时，when引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来，且从句主语为第三人称单数，故应用comes。(2017全国卷)About one month after this photo was taken, I ente
15、red my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.解析：becomebecame此句中的become和前面的entered是并列谓语，形式上应保持一致，故become应使用一般过去时。(2016全国卷)It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. My uncle tells me that .解析：hadhave根据前面的is与后面的tells可知
16、此处要用一般现在时。(2016全国卷)I thought that it is a good idea.It does not cost much, yet we can still learn a lot.解析：thoughtthink根据语境可知，我认为这是一个好主意。由后面的does, can still learn 可知此处应用一般现在时。(2016全国卷)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself. However, my parents didnt seem to think so
17、.They always tell me what to do and how to do it.解析：telltold根据前面两句的时态可知此处应用一般过去时。(2015全国卷)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.解析：tellingtold句子的主语为“A woman”，谓语为saw, crying为宾语补足语，and连接的是两个并列谓语，而不是两个宾语补足语，所以telling改为told。进行时态1.进行时态的构成(1)考纲对进行时态要求掌握的时态包括：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时，它们的
18、形式分别为：(2)现在分词的构成形式：情况规则例词一般情况加ingtrytrying以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加ingregretregrettingbanbanning以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e，加inghatehatingdatedating2进行时态的用法(1)进行时态表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态，具有暂时性和未完成性的特点。I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我并不在这里上班，我只是来帮忙，直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂时性)
19、I am reading the book; I will finish it in a week.我正读那本书，一周后我就会读完了。(未完成性)(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事，但此时此刻动作不一定正在进行，常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在制作飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做)(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。He i
20、s always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。He is always making the same mistake.他总是犯同样的错误。(4)有些动词的进行时态可以表示将来。(见一般将来时的用法)(5)有些动词不用于进行时态，常见的有：感觉类look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear等情感类like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear等心态类wish, hope, want, need, believe, understand, agree, know, remember, f
21、orget等存在状态类appear, lie(位于), remain, belong, have等Your hands feel cold.(不可说：Your hands are feeling cold.)你的手摸起来很凉。I dont believe my eyes.(不可说：I am not believing my eyes.)我不相信我的眼睛。Those books belong to Mr. Li.(不可说：Those books are belonging to Mr. Li.)那些书是李先生的。单句语法填空(2017天津高考改编)I _(drive) down to Londo
22、n when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.解析：was driving句意：我正开车去伦敦，这时突然发现我走错路了。be doing . when .“正在做，这时突然”。(2014重庆高考改编)James has just arrived, but I didnt know he_(come) until yesterday.解析：was coming/would come句意：詹姆斯刚到，但是我直到昨天才知道他要来。根据句意可知，昨天才知道他将要来，所以要用过去将来时，此处既可以用进行时表示将来，也可用would come。(
23、2014北京高考改编)Hi, lets go skating.Sorry, Im busy right now.I_(fill) in an application form for a new job.解析：am filling句意：“嗨，我们去滑冰吧。”“抱歉，我现在正忙着呢。我正在填一份新工作的申请表。”此句表示说话时正在发生的动作，故用现在进行时。完成时态1现在完成时(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里)，since
24、then, up to now, so far(至今)等。In the past few years, many new railways have been laid down.在过去的几年里修建了许多新铁路。He has written 8 books so far.到目前为止，他已经写了8本书了。(2)表示过去发生已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有：already, just (刚刚), yet, before等。He has turned off the light.(The light is off now.
25、)他已经关掉灯了。The concert has started. (The concert is on now.)音乐会已经开始了。I have already seen the film.(I know the film now.)我已经看过那部电影了。(3)在“最高级名词”或“It/This isthe first/second . time”之后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the first time (that) I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。This is the best tea (that) I have ever drunk.这
26、是我喝过的最好的茶了。(4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语；若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。He has come to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in Beijing since last year.()部分非延续性动词(短语)和延续性动词(短语)之间的转换：买buyhave 借borrowkeep结婚get marriedbe married 认识get to knowknow 离开leavebe away 回来come backbe back生病fall il
27、lbe ill 死亡diebe dead关闭turn offbe off 打开turn onbe on动身leave for be off to 变成becomebe返回returnbe back 开始beginbe on睡觉go to bedsleep 穿put onhave on/wear来/去come/gobe in/away 参加joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleepbe asleep到达get to/arrive in (at)/reachbe in/stay2过去完成时(1)过去完成时表示过
28、去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在来这个机构前已学过一些英语了。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了三年了。(2)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of“表示过去的某一时间”。By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那
29、时，他已学了三年英语了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。(3)表示愿望、打算的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.我本打算帮你的，但当时我太忙了。I had thought you wo
30、uld come the next day.我原以为你第二天会来。(4)用于某些固定句型中：Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely . when .和No sooner . than .句型中， when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚就”。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚开动，汽车的轮胎就瘪了。It was/had been一段时间since从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没那么高兴过了。That
