1、高中英语 重难点讲义+巩固练习题高一第04讲第八单元学生版 必修三 第八单元（二） 词汇和短语Unit 8Warm-upadventuredesert canoehike take off presenter majorwildtiringLesson 1raft white-water rafting horizon organisation unfortable route porter luggageacmodation hostel maximum altitudeextraoptional right now differfootprintanxiousLesson 2Extreme
2、bungee jumping snowboardingsnowrafting in order to gymnastics similarityupside down exactlyrisk excitement various flowequipment dull preference turn up back outget acrossjog Lesson 3travelleremperorin turn amaze goods confusefuel wealthyput into prison authordictation stand by statement quantitypro
3、fessor hunterskinLesson 4on ones way Norwegian preparation sledge break downshock goalambition exhausted ran out ofhopeless cheerfuldistant carry onwithin sadnessfunction patience nationalityaimmunication Workshoptransportobserve disadvantage staffsurvival shelter philosophy limit GrammarStep1考点知识梳理
4、清单一、动词分类表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。动词分类：1 根据动词在句子中的功能，可分为四类：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。注：有些动词是兼动词，例：We are having a meeting. (having 是实义动词)He has gone to New York. (has是助动词)图示：类别特点意义举例实义动词 (vt. vi.)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思I have a book.不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语She always es late.系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思I am a student.助动词(a
5、ux. v.)跟动词原形或分词（无词汇意义）不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态He doesnt speak Chinese.I am watching TV.情态动词 (mod. v.) 跟动词原形（有自己的词汇意思）不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化We can do it by ourselves.That would be better.2动词形态。动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。3根据动词的组成形式，可分为单字词和短语动词例：The English language contains many
6、phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.（contains） Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.（look up） The young ought to take care of the old.（take care of）短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下：构成方式举例动词+介词look at, look after动词+副词give up, put into动词+副词+介词catch up with, look down upon动词+名词+介
7、词take care of, pay attention to be+形容词+介词be proud of, be afraid of 复杂结构make up ones mind, wind ones way 4按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。（1）谓语动词 形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English.主动The road wa
8、s filled with rubbish. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等He has flown to America. 事实I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望（2）非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语It takes me 20 minutes to go to school.动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likes reading.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语The cup is broken过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动The st
9、eam is seen rising from the wet clothes.清单二、各类动词用法1 实义动词 (行为动词)实义动词是能独立做谓语的动词。按其句法作用分为及物动词和不及物动词。 及物动词的本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。1） 动词+宾语Would you please open the window? 请你打开窗户好么？I like this film very much. 我非常喜欢这部电影。2）动词+宾语+宾补We call him bill. 我们叫他比尔。I saw Tom play in the park yesterday. 昨天我看见汤姆在公园玩。T
10、he students always keep their classroom clean. 学生们总是保持教师整洁。注意：带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有：make, let, have , see, watch, notice, hear 等。3）动词+间接宾语+直接宾语May I ask you a question? 我可以问你一个问题么？Please pass me the book. 请把那本书递给我。注意：常见的带双宾语的动词有give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, teach, tell, writ
11、e, read等。 不及物动词自身的意思完整，无需接宾语。例： Horses run fast. 马跑的快。 They work in the factory. 他们在工厂工作。注意：1）不及物动词不可直接加宾语：2）不及物动词加介词必须接宾语：如：I dont know what to do. I dont know how to do it.I am the first one to arrive. I am the first one to arrive at school. 考点：常考的不及物动词：1） 无介词：happen, rise, take place2） 有介词：look (
12、at), listen(to), talk (about, to, with)另外，动词按其动作发生的方式发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。 延续性动词和非延续性动词1）延续性动词表示动作的可持续性，可以和表示一段时间的状语，如：live, stay, study, work, keep, teach等。例：We have lived in China since 2001.自从2001年以来，我们一直住在中国。You can keep the book for two weeks.你可以借用这本书两周。2）非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，动作一经发生立即结束，如：buy, lend,
13、borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, e, catch等。例： He has been here for five days. 他已经到这儿五天了。（这里不能用has arrived here）The film has been on for ten minutes. 电影已经开始十分钟了。（这里不能用has begun）注：非延续性动词与延续性动词的转换非延续性动词延续性动词buyhaveborrowkeepopenbe openclosebe closedbegin/startbe onebe herego/leavebe
14、awayfinishbe overdiedbe deadcatch a coldhave a coldput onwearget upbe upwake upbe awakefall asleepbe asleeplosenot havejoinbe (in)leavebe away fromarrive/reachbe 考点：常考的延续性和非延续性动词：buy-have, borrow- keep, open- be open, begin/start-be on, finish- be over, died- be dead, join- be (in), leave be away fr
15、om 【考题链接】23Who is the young man in the air force uniform in the picture? My brother. He has _ the army for two years.Ajoined Bleft Cbeen in De to32. My uncle _ the golf club for two years. A. has joined B. has been in C. has gone to D. has been to 2系动词（联系动词）系动词也叫联系动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦
16、称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的系动词：“be动词+事实证明，保持感官变化没有被动进行”证明：prove，turn out保持：keep, stay, remain感官：look, sound, taste, fell, smell渐变：get, bee, turn, go, grow常考点：look at与see的区别, sound、hear、listen to的区别（详见Step2重点难点解析）易错点：（1）感官动词接形容词作表语 （2）感官动词无被动语态，无进行时 （3）学生在写作中，常犯如下错误：一个句子中既出现系动词又出现实义动词，或be动词跟实义动词在
17、一起。应对方法：am/is/are后要么出现doing的形式，要么出现done的形式。系动词的特征： 1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例： He is a teacher.2）持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand等。例： He always kept silent at meeting. This matter rests a mystery. 3）表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例： He looks tired. He seem
18、s (to be) very sad. 4）感官系动词：主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。例： This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.5）变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有bee, grow, turn, fall, get, go, e, run.例：He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time. 6）终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证
19、实，变成之意，例：The rumor proved false.The search proved difficult.His plan turned out a success.练习：Mr. Wang very angry. 王先生好像很生气。This kind of cloth soft. 这种布料摸起来很柔软。The flower sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。Now my dream true. 现在我们的梦想实现了。You must healthy. 你必须保持健康。Her face red. 她的脸红了。He wants a doctor. 他想成为一名医生。3助动词 (帮助)助
20、动词本身无意义或意义不完整，不能单独用作谓语。它必须和别的动词连用，帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等结构。Do还可以起强调或替代作用。常用的助动词有 be, have, has, do, does, did, will 和shall。 助动词 be1）be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例：They are having a meeting. English is being more and more important.2)be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例：The window was broken by Tom. English is taught throughout the
21、world.3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例：He is to go to New York next week.We are to teach the fresh-persons.说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令，例：You are to explain this. He is to e to the office this afternoon.c. 征求意见，例：How am I to answer him? Who is to go there?d. 表示相约、商定，例：We are to meet at th
22、e school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 助动词have1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例：He has left for London. By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例： I have been studying English for ten years.3）have+ been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例： English has been taught in China for
23、many years. 助动词do1） 构成一般疑问句，例： Do you want to pass the CET? Did you study German? 2） do/ does+ not 构成否定句，例： I do not want to be criticized. He doesnt like to study. In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.3)构成否定祈使句，例： Dont go there. Dont be so absent-minded. 说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，
24、不用did和does。4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例： Do e to my birthday party. I did go there. I do miss you. 5） 用于倒装句，例： Never did I hear of such a thing. Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6） 用作代动词，例： - Do you like
25、 Beijing? - Yes, I do. He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he? 助动词shall willshall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例：I shall study harder at English. He will go to Shanghai. 说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:He shall e.他必须来。He
26、will e.他要来。 助动词should would1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例： I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较：What shall I do next week?I asked. 我下周干什么？我问道。2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第 二、第三人称，例： He said he would e. 他说他要来。比较：I will go, he s
27、aid. 他说：我要去那儿。 变成间接引语，就成了：He said he would e. 原来的will变成would，go变成了e。4. 情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。5. 兼动词1）be：既可作助动词也可作系动词 构成进行时态和被动语态时为助动词，其他情况则为系动词。2）do：既可作助动词也可作实义动词助动词do的主要用法是：（1）构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句。如：（2）构成一般现在时和一般过去时的否定句。如：（3）用于替代，以避免
28、重复。如：May I e round in the morning? 上午我可以来拜访你吗？Yes, please do. 可以，请来吧。（4）用于强调。如：My parents think I didnt study for my exams, but I did study. 我爸爸妈妈认为我考试前没有复习，但我是复习了。此外，do还可用作实义动词，意为“做”、“干”等等。3） have, has：既可作实义动词也可作助动词：have可以做实义动词，翻译成“有”等，还可以做使役动词。助动词have的主要用法是：（1）与过去分词构成各种完成时态。如：（2）与been+现在分词构成各种完成进行
29、时态。4） need：既可作实义动词也可作情态动词5）will/would，shall/should：既可作助动词也可作情态动词（二）根据形态。动词可分为原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。1. 动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成：动 词 特 征 变 化 例 词 一般动词 词尾加-s look- looks find- finds 以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾 词尾加-es watch- watches, push- pushes 以“辅音字母+y”结尾 变y为i再加-es fly- flies, apply- applies 2. 动词的过去式及过去分词的构成： 规则动词的变化：规则动词的过去式和过去分词的构成方法是相同的。 不规则动词的变化。动 词 特 征 变 化 例 词 一般动词 词尾加-ed look- looked, looked 以e结尾 词尾加-d live- lived, lived 以“辅音字母+Y”结尾 变y为i，再加-ed carry-carried, carr
