1、中考初中英语语法专题一英语句子成分和基本句型中考初中英语语法专题一：英语句子成分和基本句型（word版无答案）语法就是遣词造句的规则，学习语法规则是为造句服务的， 因此语法的学习自然要从句子分析人手。 怎样分析句子？分析句子就是分析句子的各个组成部分，把句子的各个成分搞清楚，也就是把句子各部分 的关系搞清楚。只有做到这一点，才可以准确地理解句子的意思或造出结构正确、意思明白的句子。1.1 句子的成分 英语的基本成分有七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和表语。【图表记忆】 很“二 ”句子成分的分类关系图1、主语基本成分核心成分谓语成分2、谓语动词3、宾语4、补语直接宾语间接宾语 宾语补足语
2、主语补足语（表语）修饰成分5、状语（修饰动词）6、定语（修饰名词）主语：主语是句子中说明全句中心主题的部分,即要说明的人或物一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或（主 语）从句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. They are good friends.谓语：谓语说明主语的动作或存在的状态，是什么，做什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成一般位于 主语之后，有时态，语态和语气的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响。They are teachers. She looks well. He studies hard. He can spea
3、k English.宾语：宾语是动作，行为的对象，即动作的承受者。它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后 由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，（宾语）从句充当She plays the piano. He often helps me. I like watching TV.表语：表语说明主语的身份，性质，特征，状态，职业，内容，方向或处所等。表语位于系动词后面，由名词， 代词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者句子充当I am a teacher. That bag is yours. She is happy. Everybody is here. They are
4、at home now.宾语补足语：在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达 完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语等充当 If you let me go, Ill make you king. Leave the door open. We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall. The boss keeps them working all day.状语:状语用来修饰动词、形容词、
5、副词或全句说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、目的等。 一般由副词，介词短语充当，也可由（状语）从句来充当状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为： 1)通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首； 2)修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；3)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；4)一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之 后，实义动词之前。He did it carefully. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. He
6、 sits there,asking for a penIn order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.定语:定语用来修饰名词或代词。汉语中常用的表示。单独的一个词作定语时，通常位于被修饰的成分前。 形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，从句等都可以充当定语。注：若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；则定语通常置后。The black bike is mine. Whats your
7、 name? A broken vase. A sleeping boy. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool.1.2 五种基本句子类型知道了英语中有这六种句子成分，接下来我们讨论这些句子成分如何进行排列组合，从而构成各种不同的句 型结构。一个完整的英语句子就是 ：“主语谓语”或“名词动词”，这是最基本的英语逻辑。进一步学习，我 们还会发现，上述句子动词后边根据表达需要还要接句子的其它成分，所接的成分长短不一，句子成分的不同组 合关系又是由谓语动词决定的，不同的动词类型决定了不同的
8、句子类型。因此，我们先来看看英语动词的基本分 类，如下表：从本表中我们看到，动词可以分为五类，因而就决定了英语的五种基本句型。英语的五种基本句型与上述动 词分类是一一对应的。请看下表：【类比记忆】：“主谓”句型：相当于夫妻两人组成的“丁克”家庭，没有小孩； “主谓宾”句型：相当于夫妻带一个男孩的三口之家； “主谓双宾语”句型：相当于夫妻带两个男孩的四口之家； “主谓宾宾补”句型：相当于夫妻带一个男孩和一个女孩的四口之家；“主系表”句型：相当于夫妻带一个女孩的三口之家。 说到这里，也许有人问：那么祈使句算什么？祈使句（因为省去了主语）只有谓语。这就是单亲家庭嘛！比如父亲带着孩子单过的那种。(Th
9、ere be 福利院里长大的孩子)基本句型 一： + （主谓） （不及物动词）1. The sun is shining. 2. The boy gets up. 3. We all eat, and drink.主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2. We got up early so as to catch the first bus.基本句型 二： + + （主谓宾） （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 2. He enjoys reading. 3. They ate al
10、l the apples.基本句型 三： + （主谓间宾直宾） （及物） （多指人） （多指物）1. She bought herself a new dress. 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。 常跟双宾语的动词有：
11、（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, pass, pay, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing等。基本句型 四： + （主谓宾宾补） （及物） （宾语） （宾补）1.The sun keeps us warm. 2. I heard him singing. 3. You must get your hair cut. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher| ask |the stu
12、dents |to close the windows. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I |saw |a cat |running across the road.基本句型 五： +P（主+系+表） （是系动词） 常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel， smell， taste， sound等。 第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become， get， grow， turn， fall等。 第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep， stay等。1. My idea is good. 2.You dont look very well. 3.
13、 I feel rather cold.4. He became a world-famous scientist. 5. It is getting warmer and warmer.【课堂练习】I 找出下列句子中的主语部分和谓语语部分：1. Studying English takes time.2. The first step is always the hardest.3. A friend in need is a friend indeed.4. A poor man is not necessarily unhappy.5. A good knowledge of gramm
14、ar is important to good writing. 6.The early bird catches the worm( 虫子）II 判断下列句子属于何种句型并翻译成汉语：7. Time flies by.8. I cant stand the heat. 9.Fools seldom differ. 10.He gives me an E-mail. 11.It cost me three dollars.12.You can leave the door open. 13.He speaks English well14.Teachers will make your Eng
15、lish better. 15.That will save you a lot of time.16.They found the dead boy. 17.They found the boy dead.18.I found the book easily.19.I found the book easy. 20.Tom found Jim an apartment21.We found John a loyal ( 忠心的）friend.【课后强化巩固练习】判断下列句子属于何种句型并翻译成汉语：1. I usually come to school by subway.2. Your n
16、ew bike looks very nice!3. The early bird catches the worm.4. He usually plays soccer,but he doesnt play basketball.5. Im making cards,but its boring.6. They are doing some cleaning in the lab.7. I think you must like English very much.8. My favorite subject is history.9. My teachers and classmates
17、are very kind to me.10. There is a study next to my bedroom.11. Dont put them there.12. You must look after your things.13. Many family with young children live here ,too.14. The air is fresh and life is quiet in the countryside.15. . My friends want to have a birthday party for me.16. It was May 13
18、th.17. . I can cook,but I cant draw pictures.18. Id like to take these flowers to the party.19. . I cant count so many flowers.20. She can do it very well.21. One year ago,she couldnt do it at all.22. . We brought many presents for him.23. Each of us gave Kangkang a birthday card .24. Its a good sea
19、son for flying kite.25. Youd better know about the weather in different places in August.26. In most areas of China,it is very hot.27. I saw you play basketball almost every day during the summer holidays.28. She does well in (playing) baseball.29. Im sure our team will win next time.30. .He invente
20、d an indoor game for his students so that they could play it even in bad weather.一、英语阅读理解专项练习试卷1阅读理解 Mark, a young person, tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that theres a big difference between being a writer and writing. In most cases these people
21、are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter(打字机).Youve got to want to write,I say to them, not want to be a writer. The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is neve
22、r rewarded(报答). When I left a 20-year job in the US Coast Guard to become a writer, I had no hopes at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didnt even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used typewriter and felt li
23、ke a real writer. After a year or so, however, I still hadnt got a break and began to doubt (MWE ) myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasnt going to be one of those people who die wonder in what if.
24、 I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty(不确定) and fear of failure. This is the shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. （1）According to the authors idea, writing is . A.enjoyableB.interestingC.lonelyD.boring（2）When the autho
25、r left his 20-year job, he . A.felt sadB.lost his heartC.felt unforgettableD.found himself（3）When the author went to the New York apartment building, . A.there was almost nothing thereB.there was everything thereC.the author was pleased with itD.the author was so happy（4）What does the underlined wor
26、d shadowland probably mean in Chinese? A.点点希望B.夺目强光C.人生低谷D.虚幻境界（5）Whats the main idea of the passage? A.Tell us to study hard.B.Let us dream of succeeding.C.Let us do something that we cant accept.D.Hold on to your dream even if you meet difficulties.【答案】（1）C（2）B（3）A（4）D（5）D 【解析】【分析】做为一个成名的作家，作者在本文中
27、讲述了自己成功路上的艰辛，告诫那些想成为作家的年轻人：写作是一项孤单寂寞而又收入微薄的工作，在数千名渴望成功的作家中,能获得命运垂青只是寥寥数人而已。细节理解。 根据第二段The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair可知，作者认为写作是一项孤独的任务，故答案为C。细节理解。根据When I left a 20-year job in the US Coast Guard to become a writer, I had no hopes at all可知，作者离开做了20年的工作后感到很灰心，故
28、答案为B。细节理解。将题干中的New York apartment building定位在第三段，根据后一句 It didnt even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom可知房子很冷，没有洗澡间，打字机也是作者去了之后买的，故答案为A。词义猜测。句意：我会把梦想投入到这个检验上即使意味着带着不确定和失败的恐惧生活。这是希望的，任何有梦想的人必须要学会在那儿生活。所以可以断定shadowland意思是“虚幻境界”，故答案为D。主旨大意。本文通过作者自己的亲身感受，谈论写作的艰辛。虽然困难重重，但是作者仍然怀抱梦想，坚持向前。故答案为D。【点评
29、】本文属于夹叙夹议的文章，答题前通读短文，弄清本文的主旨和作者的写作意图，然后根据题干中的关键词在文章的定位去分析相关语句，最后锁定答案。2阅读下列短文，从每题所给的几个选项中，选出最佳选项。 When he was nine years old, American boy Milo Cress had a question: How many plastic straws(吸管) do Americans use every day? He quickly learned there wasnt a simple answer. The boy tried to work it out hi
30、mself. Through lots of research, Cress found out that Americans use about 500 million straws every day. In hopes of reducing plastic waste, he founded the Be Straw Free project in 2011. Cress started the project in his hometown Burlington, Vermont. He asked a local restaurant to stop offering straws with every drink order. It was a simple change. However, it would save money. And by doing that, the restaurant would cut down on its stra
