1、届高三英语一轮复习语法精讲专题6 时态和语态北师大版专题六时态和语态时态 英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。时间主要有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方面也有四种，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。中学课本中常见的时态有以下几种：时态构成 用法一般现在时主语动词(单数第三人称 s或es)表示现在的特征、状态、经常性动作或客观事实等现在进行时主语 am (is，are)现在分词 表示说话时正在进行的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作现在将来时 (1)主语will(shall)动词原形(2)主语 am (i
2、s, are) going to 动词原形表示在现在看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态现在完成时 主语have (has)过去分词(1)动作发生于过去，一直持续到现在，可以和表示持续性的时间状语连用。(2)动作发生于过去，已经完成，但这个动作对现在有影响，一般没有明显的时间状语，主要通过上下文来理解。时态 构成 用法一般过去时 主语动词的过去式 表示过去某时发生动作(包括过去习惯性的动作)或存在的状态过去进行时 主语 was (were)现在分词 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作过去将来时 主语 would 动词原形 表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态过去完成时 主语 had 过去分词
3、 既可以表示在过去某一个时间或动作之前就发生或完成的动作，也可表示过去发生的某一动作一直持续到过去的另一个时间或动作。现在完成进行时主语have (has) been 现在分词 现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。现在这个动作可能刚刚终止，也可能仍在进行。语态 语态是表示主语和动词之间语法关系及语义关系的动词形式，有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。 英语中的语态和时态是不可分割的，每种时态都有其相应的语态形式 语态构成例句一般现在时的被动语态主语am(is, are)过去分词The lion is considered the king of the forest as it
4、 is a symbol of courage and power.现在进行时的被动语态主语am(is, are)being过去分词My car is being repaired at present.现在将来时的被动语态主语 will(shall) be 过去分词/主语 am(is, are) going to be过去分词The new bridge will be completed at the end of the year.现在完成时的被动语态主语 have(has) been 过去分词I am surprised that you should have been fooled
5、 by such a simple trick.一般过去时的被动语态主语 was (were)过去分词Marie Curie took little notice of the honors that were given to her in her later years.过去进行时的被动语态主语 was (were) being 过去分词I had the distinct impression that I was being followed.过去将来时的被动语态主语would be过去分词The workers scented changes that would be made i
6、n the company.过去完成时的被动语态主语 had been 过去分词The new suspension bridge had been designed by the end of last month.一、时态 动词的时态是英语语法的重中之重，因为它们与句子结构、句子表达、语言逻辑紧密相连，无论是单选、完形、阅读还是书面表达都离不开时态。高考试题中常对以下几种情况进行考查。1.一般现在时与现在进行时的用法比较一般现在时主要表示现在的特征、状态、经常性动作或客观事实等；而现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作。His daughter is always shy
7、 in public and she never dares to make a speech to the public.Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does satisfies his boss. 注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接用将来时态。If you run into any problems when you arrive at the airport, give me a ring.2一般将来时和过去将来时一般将来时主要用于表示在现在看来
8、将要发生的动作或存在的状态；过去将来时主要用于表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。Will those teaching the children from abroad come to the headmasters office?He told me if I didnt follow his advice, something bad would happen.注意：“will (shall) do”和“be going to do” 都可表示意图。如果是事先考虑过的意图，要用 be going to；如果是说话时临时决定的，则用will。I am going to spe
9、nd my holiday on Hainan Island this winter.I am sorry. I forgot to post the letter for you.Thats all right. I will post it myself.3一般过去时和现在完成时的用法比较一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生动作(包括过去习惯性的动作)或存在的状态，和现在没有任何关系，可以和表示过去的时间状语连用；而现在完成时有两种用法：(1)动作发生于过去，一直持续到现在，可以和表示持续性的时间状语连用。(2)动作发生于过去，已经完成，但这个动作对现在有影响，一般没有明显的时间状语，主要通过上
10、下文来理解。We volunteered to collect money to help the victims of the earthquake.He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.4一般过去时和过去进行时的用法比较一般过去时表示动作已经完成或在某一时间段内发生了某事；而过去进行时则表示动作的持续性，侧重动作持续的长度。For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a war
11、m climate. I hear he was writing a book last year, but I dont know whether he has finished it.5一般过去时和过去完成时的用法比较过去完成时既可以表示在过去某一个时间或动作之前就发生或完成的动作，也可表示过去发生的某一动作一直持续到过去的另一个时间或动作。它和过去时的区别主要在于时间的参照点上。He began to learn English when he was fifteen.The little girl cried her heart out because she had lost her
12、 toy bear.6现在完成时和过去完成时的用法区别现在完成时和过去完成时都可和表示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在；而过去完成时表示的是延续到过去某个时间。He had learned more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.Many people have suffered much from the endless increasing price.7现在完成进行时现在完成进行时虽然不属于我们中学课本中常见的八种时态，但是在近几年的高考试题中频频出现，应
13、该引起我们的注意。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。现在这个动作可能刚刚终止，也可能仍在进行。Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.二、语态在高考试题中，被动语态是重要考点之一。复习时，除了注意考查各种时态的被动语态外，还要注意以下几种情况：1短语动词的被动语态使用短语动词的被动语态时，切记不要漏掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。Children in New China are taken good care of.The sick boy is being operated on now.
14、2“get 过去分词”形式“get 过去分词”也可表示被动语态，该结构较口语化。He got hurt when he fell off the bike last week.How do you get paid, by the day or by the hour?3主动形式表示被动意义一些表示开始、结束的动词(start, begin, close, end等)和表示主语某种属性特征的动词(read, write, sell, wear等)常用主动形式表示被动含义。The shop closes at 6 pm every day.This kind of apple tastes go
15、od and sells well.4非谓语动词的被动语态The building to be built is a new cinema.The car being repaired is mine. 高考试题探究(20062011年)【2011全国卷,23】Planing so far ahead no senseso many things will have changed by next year.A.made B.is making C.makes D.has made【答案】C【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“计划这么超前毫无意义到明年许多事情会发生变化的。”前句表示现在的
16、情况make no sense，后句表示到将来会产生的后果will have changed。一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态。is making和has made表示具体的动作过程，故不选。因此选C。【2011全国卷,24】I wasnt sure if he was really interested or if he polite.A.was just being B.will just be C.had just been D.would just be【答案】A【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“我不能确信他是真正感兴趣呢还是仅仅为了表示礼貌。”句前wasnt sure表明说话的起
17、点是过去时，was really interested和was just being polite都是相一致的过去时。【2011全国卷,29】When Alice came to, she did not know how long she there.A.had been lying B.has been lying C.was lying D.has lain【答案】A【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“当Alice苏醒过来时，她不知道她在那儿躺了多久了。”过去完成进行时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。came to苏醒过来是过去时，苏醒前的情况是过去的过去，强调过去的过去里发生的事
18、，故选A。【2011全国卷II,9】If you dont like the drink you just leave it and try a different one. A. ordered B. are ordering C. will order D. had ordered【答案】A【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“如果你不喜欢你所点的饮料，就把它放那儿，试试另一种。”dont like the drink是现在时，点饮料是过去的动作，因此，用过去时或现在完成时，故选A。【2011北京卷,21】Experiments of this kind in both the U.S.
19、 and Europe well before the Second World War.A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted【答案】D【考点】考查动词时态和语态。【解析】句意为“就在二战爆发前，美国和欧洲都进行过这种实验。”首先考虑语态，主语experiment与conduct构成动宾关系，谓语使用被动形式。题干中出现the second war是过去的时间点，before the second war是过去的过去，因此使用过去完成时。选D。【2011北京卷,23】Tom
20、 in the library every night over the last three months.A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working【答案】C【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“在过去的三个月里，Tom每天晚上都在图书馆里学习。”题干中出现的over the last three months，是明显提示用现在完成进行时或现在完成时。故选C。【2011北京卷,27】That must have been a long trip.Yeah, it us a whole week to get the
21、re.A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking【答案】C【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“那一定是长途旅行。是的，我们花了整整一周时间才赶到那儿。”题干中must have done是对过去的肯定推测，提示时间在过去，描述过去的情况，排除A和B，D项was taking进行时态表将来，但事实上事情已发生，这与题意不符，因此选C。【2011北京卷,32】Bob has gone to California.Oh, can you tell me when he ?A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. woul
22、d leave【答案】B【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“Bob已经去了加利福尼亚。噢，你能告诉我他什么时候离开的？”Bob has gone to California，去的动作已经发生过，说明他离开的动作发生在过去，因此使用一般过去时。选B。【2011天津卷,3】In the last few years thousands of films all over the world.A.have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced【答案】B【考点】考查动词的时态和语态。【解析】句意为
23、“在过去的几年时间里，全世界制作了成千上万部电影。”in the last few years在过去的几年时间里，其实是从过去算到现在，是现在完成时的标志。选B。【2011天津卷,4】On her next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.A.is B.has been C.will be D.will have been【答案】D【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“等到下次生日的时候，Ann结婚有二十年了。”her next birthday是将来的时间，for twenty years是个时间段。将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态，故
24、选D。【2011上海春招,29】Im sure you will do better in the test because you so hard this year. A. studied B. had studied C. will study D. have been studying【答案】D【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“我确信你将在这次考试中取得更好的成绩，因为这一年里你一直用功学习。”前半句Im sure you will do better交代了时间起点是现在。because引起的状语从句不能用将来时，只能用现在时。this year今年，是个时间段。D项 have
25、been studying表示一直持续到现在的动作，故用现在完成进行时。选D。【2011上海春招,32】A lot of people often forget that oral exams to test our communicative ability. A. design B. are designed C. are designing D. are being designed【答案】B【考点】考查动词的时态和语态。【解析】句意为“很多人经常忘记设计口语测试是用来检测我们的交际能力的。”一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often, always, usually, somet
26、imes, every day等时间状语连用。oral exams与design的关系存在着被动，故选B。【2011山东卷,31】When I got on the bus, I I had left my wallet at home. A. was realizing B. realized C. have realized D. would realize【答案】B【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“当我上了车后，我才意识到我把钱包落在家里了。”I had left my wallet at home发生在realized之前，前一句When I got on the bus给出的时
27、间起点是过去时，故选B。【2011山东卷,35】She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child everything!A. had been e ating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating【答案】B【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“她惊讶地发现冰箱里空空如也；她的孩子把里面的东西全吃光了！”“吃光”这个动作发生在“发现”之前，前一句交代了过去时间，因此选择过去的过去。故选B。【2011江苏卷,21】I hear you in a pub. whats it like?
28、Well, its very hard work and Im always tired, but I dont mind.A.are working B.will work C.were working D.will be working【答案】A【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“我听说你在酒吧里上班，这份工作怎么样？咳，这是份辛苦活，老感到累，不过我不介意。”对话所用的现在时表明现在还在酒吧里上班，用现在进行时描述现阶段长期重复的一个动作。故选A。【2011江苏卷,23】Tommy is planning to buy a car.I know. By next month, he
29、enough for a used one. A. saves B .saved C.will save D. will have saved【答案】D【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“Tommy将计划买车。我知道，到下个月为止，他积攒的钱足够买一辆旧车了。”by next month是将来完成时的标志，全句表示在将来next month之前完成“积攒足够钱”的动作，对将来的时间next month产生影响，能买一辆旧车。故选D。【2011福建卷,32】Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the a
30、id they from China.A.receive B.are receiving C.have received D.had received【答案】D【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“上个月，日本政府对来自于中国的援助表示了感谢。”expressed是过去时，接受中国的援助发生在expressed之前，是过去的过去，故用过去完成时。选D。【2011安徽卷, 32】I didnt ask for the name list. Why _on my desk? I put it there just now in case you needed it. A. does it lan
31、d B. has it landed C. will it land D. had it landed 【答案】B【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“我并没有要这份名单。为什么我的桌子上放着这东西？这是我刚刚放的，以备你需要。”I didnt ask for和I put it there just now都表示过去的动作，很有迷惑性，但Why has it landed on my desk？是到说话时为止的情况，名单在桌面上。现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作，故选B。【2011浙江卷,15】The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant in his place but, luckily, everything was goin
