1、高考英语语法要点专题复习720XX届高三英语语法要点精讲（配最新高考+模拟）专题07 动词短语【考纲解读】高考研究动词是英语词汇中的核心，而动词及其构成的短语一直是高考中的热点和难点。动词是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词，在历年高考题拟题中动词所占比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中，其考点主要涉及到以下几个方面:1.动词的词义。考查动词词义辨析是该考点出现的基本形式。2.动词搭配。有时只从句子的内容来看，几个选项似乎都合适，但只要从词的搭配上一看便知道答案。3.动词短语。很多动词与介词或副词连在一起构
2、成固定的搭配从而形成动词短语或短语动词，不能随意更改。 【知识要点】动词1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。（have是实义动词。）He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。（have是助动词。）3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance an
3、d sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）4）动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词、非限定动词例如：She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词。5
4、）根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）6）动词有五种形
5、态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。系动词系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：He is a teacher.他是一名
6、教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems （to be）very sad.他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sou
7、nd, taste。例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意。例
8、如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）助动词1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：a. 表示时态。例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He has
9、 got married.他已结婚。b. 表示语态。例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句。例如：Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：I dont like him.我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气。例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that.他的确知道那件事。3）最常用的助
10、动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。助动词be的用法1）be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。2）be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。3）be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、
11、未来的计划或安排。例如：He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。We are to teach the freshmen.我们要教新生。说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令。例如：You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见。例如：How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他？Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢？d. 表示相约、商定。例如：We are t
12、o meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。助动词have的用法1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久
13、。3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。助动词do 的用法1）构成一般疑问句。例如：Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？Did you study German?你们学过德语吗？2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。He doesnt like to study.他不想学习。In the past, many students di
14、d not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句。例如：Dont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未
15、听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6）用作代动词。例如：- Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗？- Yes, I do.-是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he? 他知道如何开车，
16、对吧？助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come.他要来。（will只与动词
17、原形构成一般将来时。）助动词should, would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较：What shall I do next week? I asked. 我下周干什么？我问道。可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：He said he woul
18、d come.他说他要来。比较：I will go, he said. 他说：我要去那儿。变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。动词是英语中的重要词类之一,也是高考英语中的一个考查热点它是英语语言综合运用中的灵魂,没有动词的句子,就不是完整的句子可以将动词进行分类学习一在句子中否定词前移的动词类在主从复合句中,若主句的主语为第一人称,这类动词后面接含否定意义的宾语从句时,要把从句的否定词转移到主句中去这类动词有think, believe, expert, imagine, suppose, feel, guess,
19、 fancy等例如: To tell you the truth, I dont suppose he can give you any help in such a short time, ? A. do I B. cant he C. can he D. dont you (答案为C) 在回答对方提问时,这类动词的常用句式为“I expect so/not”例如: We dont believe we can make such an attempt, can we? I expect not. 二计划未能实现的动词类此类动词常用过去完成时,其后接动词不定式作宾语,或用于一般过去时,其后接
20、不定式的完成式表示虚拟语气,或表达原来的计划未能实现这类动词有intend, mean, plan, expect, hope, think, want, suppose等例如: I had meant to tell you about it yesterday, but the snowstorm prevented me. They hoped to have stayed there a week, but the word came. I had to come back. 三表示将来时间的动词类这类动词常用一般现在时现在进行时表示将来时间它们有come, go, leave, st
21、art, arrive, move, begin, fall, see, stay, take off等例如: Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon. 四表示“据说”意义的动词类此类动词常用过去分词形式,表示“据说”“据报道”等意思常见句式为“It + be + 过去分词+ that从句”这类动词有decide, say, know, report, think, believe, suppose, declare, announce等注意: order, suggest, request后面的that从句中常用
22、虚拟语气,也可省略should, 直接用动词原形来表示例如: It is ordered that this design (should) be given up as quickly as possible. It is announced that two teams will have a game in our school. 五使用替代词的动词类此类动词后面常接so/not作宾语,以此回答或代替前面的句子或主从复合句中的从句及谓语动词这类动词有believe, guess, imagine, expect, hope, would like等例如: Will it rain thi
23、s weekend? I expect so/not. 六混合使用在被动结构中的动词类此类动词常用“动词be + 过去分词”结构,这种结构既表示被动意义,又表示一种状态常见的这种结构有be surprised, be astonished, be discouraged, be pleased, be disappointed, be frightened, be satisfied, be absorbed, be born, be dressed, be devoted, be seated, be engaged in, be obliged to, be supposed to, be
24、 supplied with, be connected with, be equipped with, be married to等例如: These years they have been engaged in building the Three Gorges. You are supposed to send for a doctor immediately. 七能带同源宾语的动词类有些不及物动词后面可以接词源相同的名词作宾语,即同源宾语这一名词前面往往有一个修饰语或另一个名词的所有格这类动词有die, smile, live, dream, laugh, smell, run, s
25、ing, whistle, fight等例如: He died a heroic death. He smiled a forced smile. Then they lived a dogs life. The lady laughed a hearty laugh. 八瞬间动词类瞬间动词(又叫终止性动词)表示动作不能延续,在肯定句中不能与表达一段时间的状语连用这类动词有go, come, leave, start, return, begin, arrive, stop, finish, borrow, lend, open, close, die, become, break, join
26、, kill, marry, graduate等比较: They have become friends since they met in Shanghai. (错误) They have been friends since they met in Shanghai. (正确) My grandfather has died for ten years. (错误) My grandfather has been dead for ten years. (正确) 九带介词to的动词词组类这类动词词组有lead to(导致), stick to(坚持), refer to(提及), look
27、forward to(盼望), belong to(属于), object to(反对), be/get used to(习惯于), be accustomed to(习惯于), adjust to(适应), adapt to(适应), put an end to(结束), devote . to(献身于), set to(开始积极的做), get down to(着手), give ones life to(献身于), prefer + v-ing . to + v-ing(与比更喜欢), come to(谈到), be supposed to(反对), agree to, add to等例
28、如: The red-letter day he has been looking forward to is coming today! My brother objects to being made fun of him. 十与冠词连用,表示“拍”“打”“拉”“抓”意义的动词类这类动词有pat, tap, hit, beat, strike, take, catch, grasp, pull, seize等这类动词常用的句式为“主语+ 及物动词+ sb + 介词+ the + 身体部位”例如: The angry father caught his son by the arm. The
29、 naughty boy hit the man on the nose. 十一感官使役动词类这类动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的时候,表示动作已经完成或表示动作的全过程;后接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语时,表示动作正在进行,后接过去分词时表示一个被动动作已经完成但在被动结构中作主语补足语的动词不定式要带to这类动词有see, look at, watch, notic, observe, hear, feel, listen to, make, let等例如: I saw two boys playing football on the playground. We often
30、heard this song sung by our students after class. When I stayed at home, I often made my little brother cry, but last week, I was made to cry by my little brother. 十二系动词类能用作系动词的词后面常接形容词或名词作表语,此时动词没有进行时态和被动语态这类动词有be, appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, smell, grow, turn, go
31、, come, run, fall, make, remain, continue, stand, lie, sit, exist等例如: This roasted duck looks good and smells delicious. On hearing the news he looked sad and he looked at me sadly. My brother remained silent all time at the meeting. The speech he made proved disappointing. 十三后接动名词作宾语的动词类此类动词及短语动词后面接动名词作宾语这类动词和短语动词有mind, risk, avoid, enjoy, escape, keep, suggest, appreciate, practise, delay, finish, forbid, deny, feel like, look for
