1、应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化外文文献及译文本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Applications and Solutions for Interoperable 3d Geo-Visualization文献、资料来源： 网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院 （部）： 专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 外文文献：Applications and Solutions for Interoperable 3d Geo-Visualization3D visualizations of spatial objects are employed in an i
2、ncreasing number of applications from the areas of (urban) planning, city marketing, tourism, and facility management. Further application fields could be entered, if distributed spatial objects could be integrated on the fly into one 3d scene. We argue, that this integration can only be successful
3、(and in some cases only be possible) if it does not mean to copy and concentrate all data into one monolithic system. In this article we sketch promising new applications and examine their technical requirements. We discuss how these issues can be addressed by the use of interoperable geo web servic
4、es, following the standards proposed by the OpenGIS Consortium, the ISO, and the initiative Geodata Infrastructure North Rhine-Westphalia (GDI NRW) in Germany. To overcome current limitations we introduce a new web service for the 3d visualization of spatial data. The presented application scenarios
5、 are a result of the feasibility study Virtual Regions in the Rhine-Ruhr area 2006 which has been carried out on behalf of the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.1. INTRODUCTION3D city and landscape models reveal a high information potential for a variety of application fields in
6、the private and public sector. Besides the well-known applications in the fields of architecture,urban and transport planning, surveying and mobile telecommunication, 3d models become increasingly important in the fields of city and regional marketing (e.g. representation of regions,municipalities,
7、companies and Football World Cup locations), tourism (recreation, culture), telematics (pedestrian and car navigation), civil protection (flood protection, noise and pollutant dispersion, disaster management), real estate management (broker, banks, assurances), and facility management.Most applicati
8、ons typically need various geoinformation from different data providers. E.g. an architecture firm requires for the planning of a new shopping mall digital 3d geoinformation interms of a small scaled and low detailed city model covering the whole planning area, which willsupport the identification o
9、f appropriate locations. The 3d objects also have to be related to socioeconomical 2d geoinformation. When the appropriate location has been found, detailed architectural resp. building models with detailed texturing are necessary for the target area in order to be able to demonstrate the integratio
10、n of the shopping mall with its environment by 3d visualization.Difficulties arise, because spatial data sets are not only scattered over different public and private data providers, but also use different models, data formats, and levels of detail. Because of these heterogeneous conditions, integra
11、ted 3d visualization of these data resources proves to be complicated. Indeed, a general strategy for interoperable 3d geo-visualization in the context of geoinformation systems is still missing.At large, the widespread and sustainable use of 3d geoinformation in the mentioned application fields is
12、hindered by high pricing, limited data availability, missing 3d analysis instruments, diversity of formats and processing systems, and insufficient access mechanisms. Above, data actuality and quality of 3d models often is low, because in many cases 3d city models have been acquired for specific pro
13、jects only and were not updated afterwards.However, users require immediate data access, means for the interoperable integration of different 3d geoinformation in different levels of detail, tools for 3d analysis and further data processing (based on data storage using databases, general purpose 3d
14、GIS with functionalities like visibility analyses etc.) as well as solutions for interactive visualization and presentation. Furthermore, aspects of model integrity, security, data updating (and its costs), 2d-3d-integration, real time visualization and texturing (highly resp. less detailed, photo-r
15、ealistic or pseudo textures) are of utmost importance for the quality and user acceptance of 3d geoinformation systems.It is the aim of the initiative Geo Data Infrastructure North Rhine-Westphalia (GDI NRW) toimprove the availability, use and distribution of spatial data and thereby enable the geoi
16、nformation market in NRW and beyond. The GDI NRW realizes an open network bringing together geoinformation producers, value adders, brokers and users. By the application of web service technology the spatial data from public and private sources can be registered, queried and visualized in an interop
17、erable way (Bernard et al. 2003). The Initiative GDI NRW was founded in 1999 as a public private partnership between data providers, software manufacturers, users, and participants from academia and administration. The CeGi Center for Geoinformation GmbH manages the operative business of the GDI NRW
18、. Interoperability of distributed data resources is the key issue wrt. Spatial data infrastructures. To ensure interoperability the GDI NRW adopts (and is also involved in the development of) international standards of the OpenGIS Consortium and the ISO/TC 211 (see Altmaier and Mller 2002, GDI NRW 2
19、003, CeGi 2003a, OGC 2003, ISO 2003).To overcome the above mentioned specific problems of 3d data handling and visualization, the Special Interest Group 3D (SIG 3D) has been founded as a working group in the GDI NRW. For more than a year it is working on the development of user-oriented concepts for
20、 the interoperable integration of different distributed 3d spatial data resources of public and private providers. The general idea is to avoid central data storages and monolithic, proprietary applications. Instead, 3d spatial data should be kept at its sources and made accessible via standardized
21、interfaces using web services(see Kolbe 2003, Grger and Kolbe 2003).2. DEMANDS AND CHANCES FOR DISTRIBUTED 3D GEOVISUALIZATIONIn the feasibility study, Virtual Regions in the Rhine-Ruhr area 2006”which has been carried out by CeGi GmbH until ”July 2003 on behalf of the state government of North Rhin
22、e-Westphalia,Germany, current and future application fields for interoperable 3d GIS and 3d visualization have been identified and rated. The investigations are based on numerous and comprehensive interviews with experts coming from business, administration, organisations and research institutions f
23、ocused on their role as a provider resp. user of 3d geoinformation.2.1. Overall chances of distributed 3D data resourcesAccording to the results of the feasibility study, an interoperable system of distributed 3d data resources provides the following chances and advantages (CeGi 2003b):2.1.1. Intero
24、perability and compatibilityBy ensuring interoperability of data formats and systems the users can access arbitrary 3d spatial data sources in a homogeneous way. It allows the application of the same analysis and visualization tools for different data sets. The retrieval of appropriate geoinformatio
25、n is supported by a metadata information system, which currently is developed for NRW. Although there already exist numerous international standards of the OpenGIS Consortium for data access and visualization (OGC 2003),some technical issues like the realtime exploration of 3d scenes over the intern
26、et presently only can be realized by proprietary software applications. Therefore, the questions concerning the right balance between standardisation and proprietary systems as well as concerning the capability of 3d GIS functionalities and 3d visualization services (e.g. static or dynamic visualisa
27、tion) have to be discussed. In the medium term, only a mixture of standard-based and proprietary solutions can be realized. However, each application of standardised services, formats and modeling improves the systems overall compatibility and the compatibility of providers and possible users.2.1.2.
28、 Multiple use and sustainabilityInteroperability and compatibility offer multiple usage of geoinformation as well as the creation of added value and more convenient data updating, and thereby assure the sustainability and quality of 3d data resources. In many cases the acquisition of 3d geoinformati
29、on has been project-based (especially in projects that were focused on 3d visualization only), which means that database storage, further data processing, re-use and data updating are not assured. Mostly, a one-time investment is done without considering long-term and sustainable re-use possibilitie
30、s. Therefore, in the context of sustainability the question arises, if in the different application fields the focus is rather on 3d presentation, realism and aesthetics or on 3d GIS and analyses.2.1.3. Improvement of work flow and efficiencyThe sustainable use of distributed 3d spatial data resourc
31、es induces synergy effects by avoiding repeated work due to redundant data storage and analyses. Thus it brings facilitation of work and improvement of efficiency. This includes the shortening of internal processes by providing fast data access (e.g. improved use of geoinformation in municipal admin
32、istrations), improved visualization of urban planning projects, more transparent and curtated planning procedures, improved citizen participation processes or simplification and automation of work flows, which allow a higher accuracy and the balanced load of process components.2.1.4. Chances of refinancingInteroperable 3d geoinformation systems show market, economisation and refinancing potentials. In the long run, only such applications running on a spatial data infrastructure can be successful, which reveal real market potentials, i.e. there is a strong demand on the market by
