1、气候变化对斯里兰卡茶产业的影响外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处： 期刊名：Water Air & Soil Pollution, 第 92 卷，第 1 期， 页码：87-94.英文原文Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change Wijeratne M AAbstract: The tea industry is Sri Lankas main net foreign exchange earner and source of income for the majority of labore
2、rs. Tea yield is greatly influenced by weather, and especially by droughts, which cause irreparable losses because irrigation is seldom used on tea plantations. At the other extreme, heavy rains erode top soil and wash away fertilizers and other chemicals. In the recently published Sri Lanka country
3、 report on climate change, it was reported that the island will experience extreme rainfall intensities and warmer temperatures as a result of climate change. The possibility of a 10% increase in the length of dry and wet seasons per year in the main plantation area was also indicated. Thus both dro
4、ught damages and soil losses in tea production areas will increase in the years to come. An analysis of the results of field experiments with weather data shows that increases in temperature, soil moisture deficit, and saturation vapor pressure deficit in the low elevations will adversely affect gro
5、wth and yield of tea. Reports have also shown that about 30 cm of soil hasalready been eroded from upland tea plantations. Under these circumstances, the tea industry in Sri Lanka is clearly vulnerable to predicted climate changes, and subsequently greater economic, social, and environmental problem
6、s. This paper discusses the various aspects of the adverse effects of climate change on Sri Lankas tea industry.Key words： Sri Lanka，agriculture， teaIntroductionAlthough the export of textiles and apparel industries has brought a high percentage of foreign exchange, in Sri Lanka, agricultural export
7、s are the highest source of net foreign exchange earnings. In agricultural exports, tea alone accounts for about 15 to 25% of the total foreign exchange income. Thus played a decisive role in the Sri Lankan economy. About 30% of the employees in the public sector (government and semi- government) ar
8、e factory manual workers, and most of them work in tea plantations. Moreover, about 239,000 small tea producers provide a lot of domestic employment opportunities. Correspondingly, more than 700,000 workers and their families depend on the tea industry. These data fully demonstrate the importance of
9、 the tea industry in Sri Lankas society and economy.Since the 1930s, although some small manufacturers have expanded, in Sri Lanka, the overall area of tea planting is showing a downward trend, due to the low productivity due to the inability of land and bushes, andthe land occupation rate of the te
10、a industry sector. Reduced since the 1960s. The tea growing areas in the middle of the country (600 to 1200 meters high) have become marginal and crops have diversified. Poor climate and poor management practices are the main reasons for this. In the early 1960s, after the elimination of shadows, th
11、e climate change in the tea growing areas had affected the productivity of tea plants. In the 1970s, some of the side effects of the nationalization of tea production, such as the neglect of agricultural production practices, led to a decline in productivity in the private sector. Fuch, 1989. As a S
12、ri Lankan rain-fed crop, the optimal growth of the tea industry largely depends on the climate. The relationship between climate and tea production has been discussed by many researchers such as Devanathan, 1975; Kandiah and Thevadasan, 1980; Carr and Stephens, 1992. The findings of /.ERATNE in his
13、report on water, air and soil pollution are different from the national reports of Sri Lanka, 1994. This situation can be attributed to different models used in predicting tea yield. The increase in temperature can increase the tea yield and is generally accepted. And this relationship is used by ma
14、ny models. However, recent research has shown that, at higher temperature physical environments, temperatures greater than 25 to 26 degrees Celsius increase tea production. Severe drought brought unavoidable losses to the tea industry and even to the entire economy of Sri Lanka. The consequences of
15、the drought in 1983 and 1992 are goodexamples of Central Bank, 1983; 1992. The drought in 1992 reduced the productivity of the tea industry by 26% compared to 1991. At the same time, this has also increased the cost of productivity by 19%, which has reduced the foreign exchange revenue of the countr
16、y by nearly 30 billion rubles by 70 million U.S. dollars. The overall productivity in 1991 and 1992 was 240.7 kg, which is the lowest productivity recorded since the 1950s. These data show that there is a lot of damage caused by the deterioration of the climate.A large amount of rainfall has also be
17、en lost through the soil. The lack of sunlight has led to low production. The increase in the incidence of diseases has caused tremendous damage to tea production. Due to lack of soil coverage, in the first two years, some tea fields with very weak soil surface, repaired tea fields, and some new tea
18、 fields are easily affected by soil erosion. In Sri Lanka, it has been estimated that the skin of tea growing areas larger than 30 cm has been lost, especially in the highlands Krishnaraj ah, 1985. Landslides and landslides also have a negative impact on planting and can also harm the lives of worke
19、rs working on slopes.Climate change and methodsAccording to the climate change record, by 2100, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the global atmosphere and the rise in temperature will be in the range of 600 to 700 ppm and 1.0 to 3.5 degrees Celsius,respectively.The influence of environmental f
20、actors on tea yield and growth coefficient was analyzed in this study, using mainly climate factors and annual changes in the yield coefficient of tea. The relationship between climate factors and the yield coefficient of tea is analyzed by linear regression.Conclusions and discussionsAs previously
21、described, tea production is largely affected by climate due to the lack of irrigation. Tea grows well in the temperature range of 18 to 25 degrees. Carl, 1972; Watson, 1986. A good distribution of rainwater, about 1300 to 1400 mm per year, is sufficient for the growth of tea in Sri Lanka. It has be
22、en reported that annual rainfall of around 2500 to 3000 mm can lead to optimal tea planting (Fuch, 1989; Watson, 1986). In Sri Lanka, there are large differences in temperature and rainfall in different regions.Although the relationship between temperature and tea yields shows that the increase in r
23、ainfall and temperature will lead to an increase in tea production, recent studies have found that the higher temperature physical environment is greater than 25 to 26 degrees Celsius, the yield component of tea (shoots) The density, weight and dilution rate will tend to decrease as the temperature
24、increases.In the low-growth area of tea, 600 meters above sea level, theaverage air temperature is generally higher than 25 degrees Celsius, and the devastation of large droughts is even greater. The negative impact of climate change in these regions will be greater than expected. However, most of t
25、he tea in these areas will enter the market (Figure 4). Moreover, in the lowlands of rural areas, most small factories are concentrated.The impact of drought on tea cultivation is well known. The change in temperature, the loss of soil moisture, and the loss of water vapor pressure caused a large am
26、ount of water loss, resulting in growth delays. Lowland experimental results show that, at temperatures greater than 26 degrees Celsius, where soil moisture loss is greater than 30 to 50 millimeters, and saturated water vapor pressure loss is greater than 1.2 kPA, vegetatively propagated tea yields
27、are negatively affected. Given these conclusions, it can be inferred that the expected climate change in Sri Lanka, such as rising temperatures and a drier climate, will not be conducive to the production of tea.In a short time, extreme rainfall events can also cause incalculable damage due to soil
28、erosion. The destruction of fertile soil, the decline of rainwater storage capacity, the exposure of hard soil layers, the exposure of roots, and the reduction of microbial activity are all negative consequences of soil erosion, and are not conducive to the growth and yield of tea. With the loss of
29、soil epidermis, the cultivatable soil will become bald or unproductive land, and these lands cannot be used for teareplanting or for other agricultural purposes. Moreover, the restoration of these lands takes a very long time and most likely it is uneconomical. In addition, due to the lack of sunlig
30、ht and the increased incidence of diseases, for example, tea trees also reduce growth due to heavy rainfall. Obviously, in Sri Lanka, the expected climate change, such as the cyclical warm season, drought and unstable rainfall, will undoubtedly affect the tea industry. Tea leaves need uniform rainfa
31、ll distribution to ensure continuous productivity. Although increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels enhance photosynthesis, this beneficial effect cannot be used to compensate for the expected adverse effects due to, for example, high temperatures and poor soil conditions.Today, more than 50%
32、 of Sri Lankas tea fields are poorly planted with soil cover. Although these seeds gradually adapt to environmental pressures, their ability to withstand dry weather is deteriorating due to poor soil quality and unskilled management. Most of these lands are planted along slopes (but not on contours)
33、 and are therefore easily affected by soil erosion.Recent studies have shown that even if it is sowing tea mountains, due to poor shading conditions and poor soil quality will not be able to avoid the effects of drought. Therefore, the sowing of tea mountains will also be inestimable due to climate change. Shading is
