1、新版高考英语 新闻类文章的语篇特征和解题策略新闻类文章的语篇特征和解题策略近年来高考阅读理解经常能看到新闻类文章，文章涉及的题材广泛，包括文化、科技、环保、教育领域的最新发展和理念等，与学生生活息息相关。梳理近几年高考英语阅读理解，我们发现新闻类文章占有较大的比重，如2017年全国卷I的C篇，全国卷III的B篇，天津卷的C篇和浙江卷的C篇等。新闻类文章一直是高考阅读理解选材的优质“矿脉”，考生如果了解新闻类文章的语篇特征，掌握新闻类文章的解题技巧，就能准确定位信息，在较短的时间内高效地完成阅读任务，争取阅读理解的高分。一、新闻类文章的文体特点新闻有着不同的分类方法，其文体结构也具有多样化的特点
2、，以下对于新闻文体的分析主要针对高考阅读中的新闻类阅读文章。（一）新闻类文章的语篇结构首先，我们来谈谈高考新闻类文章的语篇结构。新闻报道一般来说由四个部分构成：标题(headline)、导语(lead)，正文(body)和结语（ending）。标题通常起着提纲挈领、吸引受众的作用，被视为新闻的“眼睛”；导语概括通篇，旨在导读，被视为新闻的“灵魂”；正文则具体描写，被视为新闻的“躯干”; 结语总结概括，重申主题或者升华主题。一篇新闻报道首要吸引人注意的部分是它的标题。英语新闻报道的标题力求用一句话来概括整个新闻的内容。因为标题揭示的是新闻最主要的、读者最关心的核心内容。如：Whale saves
3、 biologist from shark。从这个标题中我们可以知道文章的核心事件是一头鲸从一只鲨鱼口中救出了一位生物学家，一下子激起了读者的好奇心，忍不住继续向下阅读。然而近年来高考新闻类文章一般隐去标题，却在设题时要求考生自拟标题，考查学生对文章的概括能力，有助于培养学生的思维品质，实际上提升了对学生阅读能力的要求。新闻的开篇是导语部分。导语部分是用一段有趣的轶闻或者新闻中关键的事实引出整个文章的主题（Theme），使读者能够获取最具价值的信息，并有兴趣继续读下去。英语新闻的导语常占据一则新闻的第一自然段，最多不超过三个自然段，能全部或部分回答Who、What、When、Where、Why
4、、How等问题。正文是新闻报道的重要组成部分，其作用是补充核心人物或者对核心事件进行展开、解释和补充，或者是对导语所设悬念的解答。正文部分会采用事实、趣事、引语等各种消息来源来支持主题。我们将这种新闻结构比作“沙漏”，正文中的每一个细节就像沙漏中的沙子一样，无论文章是采用正叙还是倒叙的手法，沙漏中的沙子都是围绕导语中揭示的主题来展开的，都会落在沙漏的容器里。结语一般比较简洁，有时受制于篇幅还会省略，主要作用是重申主题。接下来，笔者就以2017年浙江阅读理解的C篇为例说明新闻类文章的语篇结构（为了说明的需要，每段段首加了段落标记）。1) FLORENCE, Italy Svetlana Cojo
5、chru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay shes had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.2) Italy is the latest West
6、ern European country trying to control a growing immigrant (移民) population by demanding language skills in exchange for work permits, or in some cases, citizenship3) Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs, such measures will become
7、 more a vehicle for intolerance than integration (融合). Others say its only natural that newcomers learn the language of their host nation, seeing it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society4) Other European countries laid down a similar requirement for immigrants, and some terms are e
8、ven tougher. The governments argue that this will help foreigners better join the society and promote understanding across cultures.5) Italy, which has a much weaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered some 1.14 millio
9、n out of Italys then 56.7 million people, or about 2 percent. At the start of this year, foreigners living in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6 million, or 7.5 percent, with immigrants children accounting for an ever larger percentage of births in Italy.6) Cojochru, the Mo
10、ldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence (居住权) would help her bring her two children to Italy; they live with her sister in Moldova, where salaries are among the lowest in Europe. She was skeptical that the language requirement would encourage integration.7) Italians always “see me as a
11、 foreigner”, an outsider, even though shes stayed in the country for years and can speak the local language fluently, she said.28. Why does Cojochru have to take a language test? (细节题)A. To continue to stay in ItalyB. To teach her children ItalianC. To find a better job in ItalyD. To better mix with
12、 the Italians29. Some people worry that the new language requirement may . (观点推断题）A. reduce Italys population quickly B. cause conflicts among peopleC. lead to financial difficulties D. put pressure on schools30. What do we know about Cojochru?（细节题）AShe lives with her sister now in ItalyBShe enjoys
13、learning the Italian languageCShe speaks Italian well enough for her jobDShe wishes to go back to her home country经过搜索，笔者找到本文的出处是中子菜单politics栏目下有关immigration debate的一篇报道，标题为Italy makes immigrants speak Italian。其实从标题就可以看出文章的中心事件和人物。文章的内容符合新闻类文章的典型结构，第一段和第二段为导语部分，一句“Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt”吸引力很强，
14、通过Svetlana Cojochru的遭遇引出所要报道的主题，即第二段的意大利对移民新增了语言技能考试的要求，让读者忍不住想要了解该移民政策的影响。第三至第五段为主体部分，从意大利自身的背景分析实施这一移民政策的原因以及人们对这一政策持有的不同意见。第六和第七段是结语，再回到导语中的主人公的想法及对这一政策的感受，形成首尾呼应。（二）新闻类文章的文体风格新闻的时效性和鲜活性也决定了其采用的与众不同的文体风格。首先，新闻是短小精练的，要在区区几百个字的文章中包含新闻事件的诸多元素，时间，地点，人物，起因，过程和结局已属不易。有时为了让读者能够更好地了解新闻事件，记者还要补充很多的背景信息。为了
15、控制文章的篇幅，而又能完整地传递信息，记者会使用很多的语篇黏连手段，其中用的最普遍就是采用代词，指代前文中讲述过的细节或者下文中即将提到的细节，这类词主要是this, that , it , they, which, who等。考生需要正确理解这些代词所指代的内容，避免误解文章中的某些细节。其次，从句法来看，由于新闻报道注重事实本身，强调客观性，被动语态占有一定的比重。为了反映事实的真实性，让读者听到“原声”，以体现记者报道的客观性，正文多使用直接引语和间接引语，而在使用直接引语和间接引语时，为了凸显新闻内容，记者倾向于使用“掉尾句”，即把说话人或信息来源放在句尾，如：At least 77
16、people were killed and 115 others injured, the Civil Defense chief said.二、新闻类文章的命题特点研究高考的新闻类文章的阅读理解题目的题干和题型，笔者总结出以下四个命题特点。（一）考查新闻事件的六要素，题型主要为细节题从2017年浙江卷阅读C篇我们可以看出，命题人命题时主要考查的是新闻事件相关的重要细节。此类型的题目多出自文章导语和主体部分。如第28题就是询问Cojochru参加语言测试的起因，第30题就是询问事件所涉及的核心人物Cojochru的个人细节。又如2017年全国卷I 的C篇第28题 “Why did UNESC
17、O set April 30 as International Jazz Day?”、2017年全国卷III的B篇第25题 “Why was The Last Picture show put on?”和第26题 “What will probably happen to the building?” 这类题型的难度相对不大，得分率高。（二）考查对新闻事件的观点，题型主要为观点推断题高考试卷的命题也要求学生在阅读时区分事实和观点，学会总结和概括人们对新闻事件的观点，这也符合核心素养培养框架的要求，有利于学生文化品格的提升。如2017年浙江卷阅读C篇29题就是询问人们对此类移民语言测试的态度以及
18、持这种态度的原因。再比如2017年全国卷I的C篇的第30题“What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz?”和2017年天津卷C篇的第48题“What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?”，都是询问新闻事件涉及的特定群体对该事件的观点和态度。这类题型因为涉及阐述人们的观点以及支撑细节，有时可能跨越几个段落，所以难度较大。（三）考查语篇衔接，推断某一特定词或者短语的指代内容，题型主要为指代推断题新闻的篇幅有限，决定了写作中作者会使用很多的语篇衔接手段，而其中高考考查最多的是
19、指称。如2016年全国卷的C篇第30题“What does the underlined it in Paragraph 2 refer to”和2017年天津卷C篇第46题“What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to”就是要求学生具备语篇意识，了解上下行文中意义的衔接，通过理解其中代词或者名词所指的确切含义，从而准确理解全文。这类题型要求学生掌握新闻写作行文的技巧。（四）概括主旨，题型主要为主题归纳题正如在新闻类文章语篇结构中所阐述的那样，高考在新闻类文章设题时往往故意隐去文章标题，要求学生在了解新闻事件的各种信息后
20、汇总，拟出一个能概括新闻事件主要内容和吸引人眼球的标题。例如，2017年天津卷C篇的第50题“What could be the best title for the passage?”和2017年全国卷I的C篇第31题“Which of the following can be the best title for the text?”正是要求学生拟出标题。这类题目需要考生重视导语以及结尾的关键信息。三、新闻类文章的阅读策略与解题技巧综合新闻类文章的语篇特征和高考命题特点，笔者认为完成新闻类阅读理解可以采用以下阅读步骤和阅读策略。1. 研读导语，确定中心人物或者事件，把握主题。作为新闻类文章
21、的灵魂，导语为我们提供了丰富的解题线索。研读的时候我们不能错过任何一个细节，重点甄别Who、What、When、Where、Why、How六要素的信息点，了解新闻的主要内容。2. 直接读题，判断题目类型。在研读导语把握文章的主题后，考生无需继续阅读文章，可以直接读题干，了解题目所属类型和所需回答问题的要点和关键词，然后带着问题以关键词作为标签词到文章中查找答案。这种先读主题和题目的方法有利于把握阅读重点，可以让考生在阅读的时候更有针对性，也比较节省时间。如果在读完导语后仍然觉得对文章的主题把握不是很准确，也可以选择再跳读后文，即各段的首尾句。3. 根据不同题型，采用不同定位方式查找信息。上文提
22、到，高考中新闻类文章阅读理解题目类型一般分为细节题、观点推断题、指代推断题和主题归纳题。若是细节题，了解题目所需信息是什么，再以中心人物或事件作为标签，到文章查读含有这个信息的句子，一般就能快速找到答案。而新闻文章一般只围绕一个线索来展开故事，很容易找到信息。若是观点推断题，读题时要辨别是寻找哪一个群体对这一新闻事件的态度。然后以这一群体为标签词到文章中定位信息。通过对高考题的研究，我们发现观点推断题的信息可能是一个段落，也有可能散落在几个段落中，所以同学们在寻找时要耐心一些，找齐所有信息，进行总结概括才能找到答案。若是指代推断题，一般只要研读围绕所要推断的词的上下文，分辨这个词所指代的内容即
23、可。若是主题归纳题，应重点阅读导语部分和结尾部分，了解新闻涉及的主体人物和主要事件，然后比对所给的四个选项，找出包含主体人物和主要事件的那个选项，就可以找到正确答案。下面笔者就以2017年天津卷的C篇为例，示范讲解解题步骤和策略。1) This month, Germanys transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the drivers role in such cars and gov
24、ern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.2) The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.3) Dobrindt wants three things: that a
25、 car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email, say the cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.4) “The change to the road traffic
26、 law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.5) Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability (法律责任) issue is the biggest on
27、e of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.6) An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.7) But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of drive
28、rless cars. “When you say driverless cars, people expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “You know no driver.”8) Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.9) Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport
29、 rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.10) That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless car
30、s and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? (指代推断题)A. A place where cars often break down.B. A case where passing a law is impossible.C. An area where no driving is permitted.D. A situation where dri
31、vers role is not clear.47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to _. (细节题)A. stop people from breaking traffic rulesB. help promote fully automatic drivingC. protect drivers of all ages and racesD. prevent serious property damage48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?
32、(观点推断题)A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.B. It should be the main concern of law makers.C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D. It should involve no human responsibility.49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _. (细节题)A. Singapore B. the UKC. the US D. Germany50. What could be the best title for the passage? (主题归纳题)A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Bre
