1、2表示“高” 概念：superior to，surpass, etc.1表示“少于”概念：less/smaller，etc.2表示“低”概念：inferior to，etc. =1表示“同等”概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.2表示“对手”概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.（ ）表示“在.之间”：among, within, etc.1表示“不同”概念：be different from, etc. 2表示“无敌”概念：match
2、less, peerless, etc. 表示“大约”概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc./表示“否定”，“消除”等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to
3、 introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. Symbols helpful in math - these are commonly used in texts and references. S =sum ffrequency Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cfcompare e.g.example deptdepartment Use only the first syllable of a word. polpolitics demde
4、mocracy libliberal capcapitalism Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. prespresentation subjsubject indindividual consconservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assocassociate biolbiology infoinformation achachievem
5、ent chemchemistry maxmaximum introintroduction concconcentration minminimum reprepetition Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppdprepared prblmproblem estmtestimate bkgdbackground gvtgovernment Use an apostrophe in place of letters. amtamount contd
6、continued goveducatleducationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chptschapters egsexamples fsfrequencies introsintroductions Use g to represent ing endings. ckgchecking estgestablishing decrgdecreasing exptgexperimenting Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for,
7、and key. Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For
8、example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. &and w/with w/owithout vsagainst therefore =is or equal Use technical symbols where applicable. zbGerman, for example ibidLatin, the same work odegrees H2Owater More re
9、ference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus / parallel Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg example IT dept Information Technology department UK United Kingdom Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketing cus customer cli
10、client Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subject budg budgetind individual To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:techgy technology genion gene
11、ralisation dely delivery Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associated ach achievement info information Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd bac
12、kground mvmt movement prblm problem Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. Examples:custs customersfs frequencies /s ratios Use g to represent ing endings. Examples:decrg decreasing ckg checking estblg establishing Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:in but
13、as key Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:is was were Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:a an the If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising
14、 Campaign Budget JACB Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples: at2 to4 for and w/ with w/o without vs against Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects. Other Symbols
15、and Abbreviations as a result of / consequences of resulting in -and / also + equal to / same as = following ff most importantly * less than especially esp/一、 缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: manager MSG: message
16、STD: standardRCV: receive F保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insurance EXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL peopleF根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through 高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词 原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many
17、 as possibleAMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concernedCOND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureE
18、XCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP（T） ImportantINCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view ofMANUF ManufactureMDL ModelMEMO
19、 MemorandumMGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG MessageNCRY NecessaryNLT No later thanOBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN PositionPOSS（BL） PossiblePROD ProductQLTY QualityQUTY QuantityRCV ReceiveREF ReferenceREGL RegularREP RepresentativeRESN Reservati
20、onRPT RepeatRESPON ResponsibleSEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL TelephoneTEMP TemporaryTGM TelegraphTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large二、 字母、图像Z 表示人people/person，因为Z看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊
21、字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 CZP 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZE 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect.E 数学符号表示总值。G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。Q 表示通货膨胀
22、：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。B 表示商业：business。C 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation 中的表示反对，字母C将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W（Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee）。i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，
23、所以用来可以用来表示工业。U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示举杯祝贺。如果在U内填入2，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral（三边的）。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m （multiple） 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个/表示谈判破裂。O 表示国家、民族领土等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside ov
24、er。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc. T 表示领导人leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposiumk 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示捕鱼业等合fishery 有关的词汇。O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, world
25、wide, global, universal, etc.J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, dont care much, etc.三、 箭头g 表示到达、传达：表示导致、引导：表示屈服：f 表示来自于：表示追溯到：h 表示上升：表示发射、投放市场、发行：表示发展、加强、推进：表示波折四、 数学符号+ 表示多: many, lots of, a gre
