1、struggle against/withstruggle for/to do sth.with a strugglewithout a struggle struggle to ones feet struggle through the snowstorma life and death struggle expandDr. Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of the fields.expand（vt. &vi. ）（1）become greater in size,
2、 number or importance 变大; 扩大; 增强 Metals expand when they are heated.Why not try to expand your story into a novel?（2）spread out伸展 The petals of the flowers expanded in the sunshine. expand（vt.& vi. ）扩大;易混辨析 stretch, spread, extend，expand这几个词的共同意思是“扩展”。（1）stretch指把有弹性的物体拉长或拉宽。（2）spread意思较为广泛：把某物体展开，铺
3、平。把许多物体铺撒在一定的面积上。指某事物在人与人之间传播，越传越广。（3）extend指在空间或时间上延伸，一般有一个 大致的延伸方向。（4）expand本义指在面积、体积上的扩大， 一般是从中心向四周扩 大。用作比喻义时 可以指各种事物的增长、扩大等。check 【原句回放】Then skim the passage to check if you were right然后浏览短文。检查一下你是否正确。（P9） 【点拨】check vt检查；核对；制止；阻挡；寄存；托运 Will you please check these figures？ 你把这些数字核对一下好吗？ Doctors a
4、re trying to check the spread of the disease with drugs医生正试图用药物阻止这种疾病的蔓延。 They have checked the enemys advance 他们已阻挡住敌人的攻势。 He checked his coat as he went in 他进去时把外衣寄存起来。 【拓展】 check in（旅馆、飞机等）登记；报到 check up调查易混辨析 check与examine的区别 examine表示为了解某种情况而仔细“检查”、“审查”。 Yesterday the firemen examined the groun
5、d carefully，but were not able to find any broken glass 昨天，消防队员们仔细地检查了地面，但未能找到任何碎玻璃。 My suitcases were examined at the Customs when I entered the country入境时，我的提包在海关受到了检查。 check表示“检查”、“核对”，以查明是否正确。 How does his story check out with the facts？ 他的说法经核实过后真实程度有多大？ Please check over the speech draft and co
6、rrect the mistakes，if any请把讲演稿检查一遍，如果有错误，请改正过来。enough【原句回放】One dream is not always enough，especially for a person who loves and cares for his people。一个梦想总是不够的。特别是对于一个热爱和关心人民的人来说更是如此。（P10）【点拨】 enough作副词时，充当形容词或副词的修饰词，但必须后置。作代词时，既可以代表可数名词，也可以代表不可数名词。作形容词时，可修饰可数名词或不可数名词，可放在被修饰的名词前，也可以放在后面。He walks slow
7、ly enough他走得够慢了。If enough of you are interested，well organize a trip to the theatre如果你们中有足够多的人感兴趣，我们就组织去看一场戏。I have enough time（time enough） to finish the work我有足够的时间来完成这项工作。【拓展】 adj. /adv. + enough + to do 在本结构中，enough是程度副词，修饰形容词或副词，不定式作结果状语。本结构的意思是“足够以至于能做某事”，其否定形式为not enough.to do sth.，不定式的逻辑主语为句
8、子的主语。 He runs fast enough to catch a bus 他跑得非常快，能追上公共汽车。 He is old enough to go to school now 他现在年龄够大了，可以去上学了。 温馨提示 在enough to do结构中，不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语一致。如果主语不一致，则用so.that结构。 His progress in English study was so great that he could read English newspapers six months later他在英语学习方面取得的进步如此大，以至于六个月后他就能够读英语报纸
9、了。 The horse ran so fast that none of us could catch up with it 那匹马跑得太快了，我们没有人能追得上它。compare 【原句回放】Write out your idea and then compare it with your partner写下你的观点，然后与你的同伴进行比较。（P11） 【点拨】 compare vt. vi. 作“比较，对照”讲时，常与介词with连用；作“比作”讲时，多和介词to连用。 If you compare this book with that one，you will find this o
10、ne much more interesting如果你把这本书和那本比较一下，你就会发现这本书有趣多了。 Please compare your translation with the model translation on the blackboard请把你的翻译和黑板上的范文比较一下。 Young people are compared to the sun in the morning 人们把年轻人比作早晨的太阳。 Two concert hails that just do not compare 无法比较的两个音乐厅。 compared with（to）为过去分词短语，通常在句中
11、用作状语，表示“和比起来”，这时介词with和to都可使用。 Compared to/with many people，she was indeed very fortunate 和许多人比起来，她确实很幸运。 It was a small place then compared to/with it is now 和现在比起来，那时它还是一个小地方。 The hardship is nothing compared to/with that the Red Army faced on the Long March和红军长征时受的苦比起来，这点苦算不了什么 1would prefer to宁愿
12、（P12） prefer vt. 意为“更喜欢”，后接名词、代词、不定式、动名词作宾语。在没有明确指出比较对象时，用不定式、动名词意义大致相同。 Which would you prefer，coffee or tea？咖啡和茶，你更喜欢哪一种? I prefer tea我更喜欢茶。 People in the south prefer rice while those in the north prefer food made from flour 南方人爱吃米饭，而北方人较喜欢吃面食。 He chose Spain，but personally Id prefer to go to Gre
13、ece 他选了西班牙，但就我个人而言，我倒想去希腊。（1）在词组prefer.to.中，to是介词，其作用是引出两个比较对象，因此，动词prefer的宾语和介词to的宾语在形式上应一致，可以是名词、代词或动名词，不可用不定式。 He said he preferred the country to the city 他说城市和农村相比，他更喜欢农村。 She prefers dancing to singing 跳舞和唱歌相比，她更喜欢跳舞。 （2）在prefer.rather than.的结构中，要用“prefer to do.rather than do.”，意为“宁愿做而不做”。 The
14、 soldier preferred to die rather than give in before the enemy这位战士宁愿死，也不在敌人面前屈服。 （3）prefer还可接that引导的宾语从句，相当于hope的用法；也可接复合宾语，即“prefer sbto do”，意为“更希望某人干”。 Id prefer you not to go there alone 我更希望你不要单独去那儿。 We prefer that they（should） do it in a different way 我们更希望他们用一种不同的方法去做。温馨提示 prefer的过去式、过去分词和现在分词
15、要双写字母r，然后加-ed或-ing provide【原句回放】to provide with things necessary for a certain purpose为了特殊目的而提供必需的东西（P12）【点拨】provide vt. 提供；供应；供给 The company offered to provide anything we needed most 这家公司主动提出向我们提供我们最需要的任何东西。 The firm has provided the manager with a new car 这家公司已经向这位经理提供了一辆新的汽车。【拓展】provide sth. for
16、 sb. /provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物 provide against sth. 防备发生某事；预防某事 provide for sb. 供应某人所需 provide for sth. 为某事的发生做准备confuse 【原句回放】It is important to explain this again or we will confuse the students把这再解释一遍是很重要的，否则的话我们就会使学生们犯糊涂。（P13） 【点拨】 confuse vt. 使糊涂，使迷惑；混淆，混同；使更难于理解 They confused the teacher
17、by having the same names 他们同名同姓，这把老师搞糊涂了。 Her unexpected arrival confused all our plans 她的突然到来把我们所有的计划都打乱了。 I always confuse the twin sistersThey look so alike 我总是分不出这对孪生姐妹，她们看上去简直一模一样。 confused adj. 糊涂的，迷乱的 confusedly adv. 迷乱地，糊涂地 confusing adj. 莫名其妙的，难以理解的confusion n. 迷乱，迷惑damage【原句回放】First，they d
18、amage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones首先，化肥在杀死病菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地。（P14） 【点拨】damage n. 损失；损害，损坏；（前面与the连用）价钱；（pl） 赔偿费；vt. 损害，损坏；使受损失 The storm did a lot of damage to the crops 暴风雨使庄稼受到了很大损失。 What are the damage for the wash job of my car? 清洗我的车要多少
19、钱? The court awarded500 in damages to the injured 法庭判给受伤者500英镑的赔偿费。 The earthquake damaged several buildings 地震使一些建筑受到了破坏。 damage作“损坏”讲一般用作不可数名词。 易混辨析 damage，destroy与ruin的区别 damage指“损坏”，一般暗示损坏后价值或效益会降低，这种损坏是部分性的，有时该词也用于借喻。 Her head was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness 长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤
20、。 What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。 destroy意为“破坏；摧毁；消灭；毁灭”，指完全彻底地破坏，含有无法修复之意，也可用于借喻。 The building was completely destroyed by the fire 这座房子被大火烧光了。 The Nazi wanted to destroy peoples hopes，but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazis dream by
21、 the power of people纳粹想摧毁人民的希望，但最终是纳粹的梦想被人民的力量所摧毁。 ruin可以表达“毁坏”，也可以用于引申意义。 He ruined his prospects by carelessness 他因疏忽大意而断送了前途。 The rain will ruin the crops这雨会把庄稼毁掉的。 It poured with rain and my dress was ruined 大雨倾盆，我的连衣裙已淋得不成样子了。 （2）as well as 用于比较，表示“和一样好”。 He plays football as well as，if not bet
22、ter than，that man 他足球踢得要是不比那人好，起码是一样好。 连词词组，表示“同，还有，不但而且”。 Einstein was a violinist as well as a physicist 爱因斯坦不仅是物理学家，而且还是一位小提琴手。 We shall travel by night as well as by day 我们不仅白天旅行而且晚上也旅行。 The manager as well as the workers wishes for an outing 经理和他的工人们都希望去远足。 as well as连接两个名词或代词作主语时，后面部分可视为插入语，因此
23、，谓语动词应和前一名词或代词保持人称和数的一致。上句还可译为： The manager，as well as workers，wishes for an outing The manager wishes for an outing as well as the worker The workers wish for an outing and the manager wishes as well as well as连接两个动词时，后面的动词用-ing形式。 He hurt his arm as well as breaking his leg 他伤了胳膊，又弄断了腿。 as well as
24、与not only.but also的区别 as well as强调前一部分；谓语动词和前面的主语一致。 Lily as well as her parents is very fond of classical music 不但莉莉的父母，而且连莉莉也喜欢古典音乐。 not only.but also.强调后一部分；谓语动词的单复数要和后面的主语一致。 Not only the students but also the teacher was invited 不仅学生们被邀请，而且那位教师也被邀请了。affect 【原句回放】This affects crops and therefore
25、，animals and humans，since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off这会影响到庄稼，进而影响到动物和人类，因为化学成分会进入到农作物中。并且不能被冲洗掉。 【点拨】 affect vt. 作“影响”解，通常指对身体、思想或情绪等带来不良影响。有“感动”、“触动”之意，相当于move。有“感染”、“侵袭”之意，一般指感染疾病。 The rise in prices will affect all classes 物价的上涨将会使各阶层的人都受到影响。 Some plants are quick
26、ly affected by cold 有些植物很快就受到了寒冷的影响。 I was too much affected to answer我感动得回答不出话来。 This disease affects millions of people in the world every year 这种疾病每年都使全世界数百万人受到感染。 affect，effect与influence的区别 （1）affect指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”，着重“影响”的动作，有时含有“对产生不利影响”的意思。 This article will affect my thinking这篇文章将会影响我的思想。 （2
27、）effect指“实现”、“达成”，着重“造成”一种特殊的效果。 This book effected a change in my opinion 这本书使我的看法起了变化。 （3）influence指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的，潜移默化的影响”。 Influenced by a high-school biology teacher，he took up the study of medicine在一位中学生物教师的影响下，他从事医学研究。reduce 【原句回放】A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy健康的土壤会减少病虫害并且帮助农作物茁壮成长。 【点拨】reduce vt. vi. 减少，缩小（尺寸、数量、价格等）；使陷入（更坏的）境地，使沦落 The great fire reduced the forest to a few trees 大火将森林烧得只剩下几棵树。 The price has been reduced to $5 价格已经降到了5美元。 Enemys bombers reduced the city to rubble 敌人的轰炸机把城市夷为了平地。 The
