1、考研英语一真题及答案完美打印版2019 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are availab
2、le on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to
3、follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhil
4、l, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 :Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 ,even
5、in dense forest, you should able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 1
6、8 ,assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. ASomeBMostCFewDAll2. AputBtakeCrunDcome3. ASinceBIfCThoughDUntil4. AformallyBrelativelyCgraduallyDliterally5. AbackBnextCa
7、roundDaway6. AontoBoffCacrossDalone7. AunattractiveBuncrowdedCunchangedDunfamiliar8. AsiteBpointCwayDplace9. ASoBYetCInsteadDBesides10. AimmediatelyBintentionallyCunexpectedlyDeventually11. AsurprisedBannoyedCfrightenedDconfused12. AproblemBoptionCviewDresult13. AAbove allBIn contrastCOn averageDFor
8、 example14. Abridge Bavoid Cspot Dseparate15. AfromBthroughCbeyondDunder16. ApostsBlinksCshadesDbreaks17. AartificialBmysteriousChiddenDlimited18. AFinallyBConsequentlyCIncidentallyDGenerally19. AmemoriesBmarksCnotesDbelongings20. ArestrictBadoptCleadDexposeSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirecti
9、ons:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top exe
10、cutives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long
11、term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of Englands top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical econo
12、mics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from
13、seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allo
14、wed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a
15、 speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of exec
16、utive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a compan
17、y.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for t
18、he long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. t
19、he conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. te
20、mporary24.The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.
21、 Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflationthe gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in
22、 higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related forcea policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most
23、recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When
24、this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even gr
25、aduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” s
26、aid Jack Miner, Ohio State Universitys registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as w
27、ell. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make studentswho, at the end of the day, are
28、paying the billfeel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to l
29、ead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students in
30、difference to GPAS.C.Colleges neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities inco
31、me from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA.obtain more financial support.B.boost their student enrollments.C.improve their teaching quality.D.meet local governments needs.29.What does the phrase to be aligned(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the el
