1、表一：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1提供确定或限定主句中某个名词的信息。1提供对确定主句中某个名词的非主要附加信息。2由深层嵌入句派生而来。2由两个独立的深层嵌入句派生而来。3无分隔定语从句和主句和停顿或特殊标点符号（逗号/插入语/破折号）。3书面语中用逗号，口语中用特殊的停顿和降低声调来把定语从句和主句分隔开来。4不可以修饰整个命题，只修饰一个名词。4可以修饰一个中心名词，或以评价的形式修饰整个命题。5可使用that和who（m）,which等关系代词。5That不能当作关系代词，只可用wh-代词。6不常用来修饰专有名词。6既可修饰普通名词，也可修饰专有名词。7可修饰带有any 或ever
2、y等类属限定词的中心名词。7不可修饰带有any 或every等类属限定词的中心名词。3.2 定语从句中的关系代词3.2.1 关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中做主语在限制性定语从句中，who或that用于指人，that或which用于指物，它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语，不能省略。He is the man who/that lives here. 不能说：He is the man who he lives here.The bag whichthat has been put there for a long time belongs to Wang Hong
3、3.2.2 who（m）, which, that在定语从句中作宾语表示人的时候用who（m）或that, 它们在从句中代替名词性宾语或宾格代词，作定语从句宾语的whom/that通常可以省略，在口语中常用who代替 whom。Hes the man whom/ that I met.There are some people here who I want you to meet.表示动物和东西的时候应用which/that:The pieces of music （that） he has composed are sung by many pop singers.Taxes consis
4、t of money （that） people pay to support their government.Theyre the postcards which I sent from America.3.2.3 who（m）, which或 that作介词的宾语，关系代词可省略。定语从句的介词的位置非常重要，我们可以说：He is the person to whom I wrote. 非常正式用法 （但不可以说：to who）.或：He is the person who （m） I wrote to. /He is the person （whom） I wrote to.This
5、 is the pan in which I boiled the milk. 非常正式用法This is the pan which I boiled the milk in. / This is the pan （that/which） I boiled the milk in.3.2.4 whose + 名词关系代词whose是既可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，一般用来指人，代替所有格形容词（my, his, your, her, its等），在从句中当定语，没有阴性、阳性或单数、复数的变化；有时也可指物，指物时可以用of which 代替。 The pr
6、ofessor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams. The bicycle whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. =The bicycle, the brake of which was damaged, has now been repaired.Edison is a great inventor whose fame is world-wide.3.2.5 that的用法1、that只用于限制性定语从句，既可指人，又可指物，在句中用做主语或宾语。（见3.2.1、3.
7、2.2） 2、当先行词是all，much，little, the one, anything, something, nothing, everything, none等不定代词时，关系代词只用that。There is little that can be done about it.Thats all that I knew about it.Is there anything that I can do for you?Have you done everything that is assigned to you?3、先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only
8、, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰时，关系代词只用that。It is the most interesting film that Ive ever read.The best thing that he could do at present is to leave.This is the first time that he has been there.She is the only one that has finished her task on time.At the very beginning, we have just too much work
9、 that needs to be done.4、在there be 句型中，只用that, 不用which。There are some people that Id like to introduce to you.There is a very interesting story that every child would like to listen to.5、先行词既有人，又有物时，用that。A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc.The man and his dog t
10、hat were napping outside the room were photographed by the journalist.6、在“It is + 名词 + 定语从句1 + 定语从句2”的强调结构中，从句2要用 that。It is always the mouth which talks too much that incurs troubles.（言多必失。）It is only a man who is quite experienced that can fulfill this task.3.2.6 which的用法1、which一般只用于指物（a），有时也用来指性别
11、不明的婴儿（b）。a: The tiles which fell off the roof caused serious damage.b: The baby which the nurse has just brought in is Johns child.2、如果指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后面，只能用which，不能用that。This is the house in which she spent her childhood.The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt.3、引导非限制性定语从句时，用来指物替代名词词组。T
12、his book, which has only been reviewed, was published a year ago.4、替代整个句子或句子的一部分：The meeting has been put off till next Friday, which is good news to them. （指代整个主句）She said that her son would become a scientist, which we thought possible. （指代that分句）She is very attentive in class, which he rarely is.
13、 （指代整个短语）3.2.7 as的用法1、as引导限制性定语从句时，常与such或the same连用，构成the sameas; suchas结构，as用于代替指人或物的先行词。I have never eaten such tasty foods as she cooked me.Such books as there were on the shelf interested us.I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.试比较 the sameas和 the samethat：This is the same book as I rea
14、d last week.（这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。This is the same book that I read last year. （这就是我上周读的那本书。如果先行词表示抽象概念，则没有这种区别，例如：She told me the same story as/that she had told you.I had the same difficulty that/as you had last year.在assoas结构中，后面的as也是关系代词，例如：We took as many men as could be permitted to attend the meeti
15、ng.You can stay here as long as you like.Things do not go on as smoothly as we hoped.2、引导非限制性定语从句关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句时，用于代替整个主句，意思是“正如”， 相当于 and this或 and that。as从句位置较之which引导的非限制性定语从句更加灵活，因而as从句既可以指前面提到的内容，也可以指后面将要提到的内容，which一般在主句后。 As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students abil
16、ity in a more effective way.The test is cancelled, as you have hoped.The test, as you have hoped, is cancelled.A semiconductor material, as the name indicates, has poorer conductivity than a conductor.注：as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句一致，而且从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.例如：He failed to pass the
17、exam again, as is predicted.He failed to pass the exam again, which annoyed his mother greatly.记住以下的as结构：as is known to all （众所周知），as is often the case （情况常常如此），as the name Indicatessuggests （顾名思义），as may be imagined （可以想象得出），as often happens （这种情况常常发生），as has been said before （如前所述），as has been poi
18、nted out （正如已经指出的），as will be shown in （ 将在中指出），as is hoped （ 正如所希望的）3.2.8 but的用法but用作关系代词相当于whonot，whichnot，thatnot。but既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。but本身含“否定”的意思，它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词, 如：（no，not， little，few，hardly等）. but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。There is no mother but loves her own children. （=There is n
19、o mother thatwho does not love her own children.）主语There is scarcely a good movie but he has seen. （=that he has not seen）. 宾语There is never a friend but he remembers the birthday of. 介词宾语Who is there but commits errors？but间或也可用在疑问句后There is no man but errs. =There is no man who does not err. 主语What
20、 he saw in those places but was not miserable（but=which was not）（他所到之处，看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。）主语There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。But=who dont）主语but结构有时可省略。（There is）No rule but has exceptions. （There are）Few books but have a misprint or two. 3.2.9 than的用法关系代词than一般用于含有比较级的句子中，兼有连词和代词的性
21、质。You spent more money than was intended to be spent. She has done much more work than was required of her.The question is more complicated than appears on the surface.3.3 介词 + 关系代词“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句，又可以是非限制性定语从句，“介词+关系代词”在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、定语等，介词的选择则要根据它与其先行词的关系或前后名词、动词等的搭配关系来决定，同时还应该考虑句子在上下文
22、中要表达的意思。3.3.1“介词 + whichwhomwhose”这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。The problem with which I have trouble has now been solved.Oil, of which there are several different types, is used for many purposes by countries all over the world.The man, because of whose help the murderer was caught by the police, is coming to ou
23、r school tomorrow.介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词至于从句之末的定语从句正式，因此多用于书面语当中，但在口语中有时也会出现；或者将介词后置，或在介词后置后用 that（人、物）who（人）代替 whichwhom，并且that可省略。例如；Can you lend me a pen or pencil with which I can write?Can you lend me a pen or pencil that/ which I can write with?Can you lend me a pen or pencil （that） I can wri
24、te with?Who is the man to whom you were talking?Who is the man whom/that/who you were talking to?Who is the man （that） you were talking to?如果介词过长，则不适于后置，例如：Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.We may be caught by a fire, in case of which we must find ways to escape.3
25、.3.2“名词 + 介词 + whichwhom”引导的定语从句He referred to a person the name of whom slipped by memory at that moment.We had a discussion the purpose of which was to find a solution to this problem.在非限定性定语从句中，of whichwhom可用来修饰不定代词 all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, s
26、everal, the latter, the former等。练习时，应该判断填空的部分为主句的定语从句还是与主句并列的成分。We have interviewed more than 50 students, only a few of whom gave satisfactory answers to our questions. 定语从句We have interviewed more than 50 students, but only a few of them gave satisfactory answers to our questions. 并列Many people ca
27、me to her graduation party, most of whom were her former classmates. 定语从句Many people came to her graduation party, and most of them were her former classmates. 并列There are 32 students in our class, up to 20 of whom are from the south. 定语从句3.3.4 “介词 + which + 名词”引导的定语从句which是一个代表所有关系的关系代词，可用来代表一个名词代词或句子的一部分，但更多地是来代表整个句子。其中的名词通常是一个抽象名词，如case, fact, state, time, point等。Water boils at l00, at which temperature it changes into
