1、重译 repetition增译 （contextual） amplification减译 omission词类转移 conversion词序调整 inversion分译 division正说反译/反说正译 negation语态变换 the change of the voice归化/异化 Foreignizing/ Alienation; Domesticating/ Adaptation 对等 equivalence形式对等 formal correspondence动态（灵活）对等 dynamic equivalence意义对等 equivalence in terms of meanin
2、g风格对等 equivalence in terms of style意合 Parataxis形合 Hypotaxis欠额翻译（过载翻译）under translation （overloaded translation）校核 rectification释义 paraphrase翻译学 translatology翻译科学 science of translating神似 be alike in spirit （be an excellent likeness）化镜 sublimity （perfection）已入化境 reach（attain） perfection和谐 harmonious和
3、谐一致 in perfect harmony不仅形似而且神似 be alike not only in appearance（form） but also in spirit宁信而不雅 It is better to be faithful than to be elegant宁顺而不信，宁信而不顺It is better to have a smooth version than a faithful oneRather be faithful （in thought） than smooth （in language）保持原文的丰姿 keep the full flavor of the
4、original work忠实通顺 Faithful（ness） and smooth（ness） （clear and coherent）忠实的译文 translation true to the original忠实于原文 true（faithful） to the original句子不通 the sentence doesnt read smoothly他的翻译通顺易懂 his interpretation is coherent and intelligible（泰特勒Tytler提出的）翻译三原则：1， 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容 That the translation sh
5、ould give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work2， 译文的风格，笔调应与原文的性质相同 That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original3， 译文应象原文一样自然流畅 That the translation should have all the ease of the original compositionGenerally speaking, a qualified
6、 translator should have 1, a good command of the source language 2, a good command of the target language 3, a wide range and scope of knowledge 4, a high political consciousness 5, a necessary knowledge of basic techniques （skills） used in translation翻译的几个一般性问题及其常用英文表述 本材料选自不同翻译论著，全是关于翻译的几个一般性问题的常用
7、英文表述方法，语言较为通俗易懂，在讨论翻译时也较为常用，涉及下面六条内容： 1何谓翻译 2外语学习的目的和翻译的重要性 3译者的必备条件 4翻译标准 5直译和意译 6我国翻译史简介要说明的是，英文材料的段落后有（1），（2），（3），（4）或（5）等编号时，这编号指本章后References and Further Reading项下的书目编号，说明此编号前所引引文的出处。Some Views on Translation in General1.1. What Translation IsTranslation is an art, a bilingual art. Like paintin
8、g, translation enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in words of a different language. It is no easy job, not so easy as it is supposed. Do not think that any one who knows a foreign language, say English, can invariably translate and translate well. No,
9、not at all. Many can speak and write English well, but they cannot translate. And this difficulty is greatly multiplied by the wide difference in vocabulary and sentence construction between the Oriental and Occidental languages.Translation is difficult to be mastered. Many experienced translators c
10、omplain that they have had insurmountable difficulties in their work. Indeed, few people can translate a book without more or less making mistakes. Very few translated works can be recommended and taken as models. Strange to say, it is rather easy for one to translate an article from Chinese into En
11、glish than to translate an article from English into Chinese, if ones English is good enough to do translation work. As we know, translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Strictly speaking, translation is a kind of science because i
12、t has a whole set of rules governing it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating just as other sciences do. From an artist point of view, translation is also an art, a bilingual art, for in translation, certain skills and technique are needed in order to attain clearness of
13、style, and fluency in language.English and Chinese are two entirely different languages. Each has an individual and distinct system. On the one hand, there are some similarities between the two languages, as in the word order of subject and predicate and that of transitive verb and object. On the ot
14、her hand, there are lots of dissimilarities between them both in morphology and in syntax. Because of this, we have to be familiar with both languages, especially with the wide difference in vocabulary, grammatical relations and sentence construction between these two languages.Translation, like pai
15、nting, enables us to reproduce the fine thought of an author, not in colors, but in words of a different language. A translator must be quite at home in the two languages concerned and quite familiar with their characteristics, similarities and differences. He must have a thorough understanding of t
16、he original, its artistic features and the historical situation in which it was written. At times even a word or phrase takes much time to establish in translation. Yan Eu once said: “It often takes as long as ten days or even a full month to establish a term. “ This is the common experience all vet
17、eran translators have shared. So translation requires patience and skillful treatment and various sorts of techniques.Whoever has a mastery of the art of translation can certainly produce fine translations. Those who know nothing about translation theory and techniques will never be able to turn out
18、 any satisfactory work. It is because translation is not only a science with its own peculiar laws and methods but also an art of representation and recreation.In his talk on literary translation published in 1954 Guo Moruo pointed out, “Translation is creative work. Good translation is as good as w
19、riting and may be even better than it. Sometimes translation is more difficult than writing. A writer must have experience in life, but a translator has to experience what the writer has experienced. At the same time, a translator must not only be proficient in his mother tongue but also have a very
20、 good foundation in a foreign language. Therefore, translation is not easier than writing at all. “His analysis is really penetrating!As you all know, translation is an art, not a science. In science theories or general principles play a very important role. Not so in art. Im not saying that they do
21、nt count in art. But Im sure you will agree with me when I say that translation is largely a matter of practice. 2.2. Aim of Foreign Language Study and the Importance of TranslationWhat is the object of studying foreign languages? . A foreign language is now to be studied, not to serve the foreign i
22、mperialist, but to serve our own people, not for the sake of foreigners, but for the benefit of ourselves. To illustrate this, let us quote the following:“Learning a foreign language is not easy but it is worthwhile. It makes you able to read foreign scientific and technical literature, and that mig
23、ht be useful. It makes you able to read some of the worlds best writers in their own languages and this is a great pleasure. But the most important thing is that it gives you a better understanding of your own language.”“Engels who knew a number of foreign languages, including Russian, thought that
24、you could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.“N. K. Krupskaya says that it is wrong to separate the study of foreign languages from the study of ones own language, and that the knowledge of foreign languages makes ones own language more flexible and expressive. Speak
25、ing of Lenin who knew five foreign languages and could read dictionaries hour after hour just for rest”, she adds: Those who study the language of Lenin know how rich, vivid and expressive Lenins language was.”Thus the study of a foreign language is connected with that of ones own. And translation i
26、s the very course for foreign language students to meet this end.Translation is of value to the foreign language learner only when he has in the main mastered the mechanisms of the source language as well as those of the target language. A translator or an interpreter can hardly meet with success if
27、 he is unable to compare the ways of thinking and the modes of expression of the two languages concerned.So far as its function is concerned, translation undoubtedly proves a valuable aid to the foreign language learner, because it gives him a better understanding of the two languages in question. O
28、ne knows ones own language better only if he compares it with other languages. The knowledge of foreign languages can make ones own language more flexible and expressive. Needless to say, actual practice in translation helps a translator or an interpreter brush up his foreign language used as either
29、 the source language or the target language.Now, . . the people of all nationalities throughout the country are determined to raise the scientific and cultural level of the entire Chinese nation. We must strengthen scientific and technical cooperation and academic exchanges with other countries. Obviously, though we have our own inventions in science and technology, we still need to learn from other c
