1、土木工程材料答案doc表观密度：表观密度是指单位表观体积材料的干质量xx 体积密度：指单位 xx 体积的干质量 润湿边角确定材料是亲水还是憎水 材料与水有关的性质： 耐水性：材料在水的作用下不被破坏，或不严重降低强度的性质称为耐水 性。用软化系数 kp 表示。抗渗性：材料抵抗压力水渗透的性质称为抗渗性。由 渗透系数 ks 表示。材料的抗渗性与材料内部的孔隙率，特别是开口孔隙率有关，开口孔隙率 越大，大孔含量越多，则抗渗性越差，还与材料的憎水性，亲水性有关，材料 的抗渗性与材料的耐久性有这密切的关系！抗冻性：材料在水饱和状态下，能 经受多次抗冻融循环作用而不被破坏，也不严重降低强度的性质，称为材
2、料的 抗冻性。材料的抗冻性取决于其孔隙率，空隙特征，及充水程度。简答：试分析材料的孔隙率与空隙特征对材料的强度、吸水性、抗渗性、 抗冻性、导热性的影响。强度：不同种类的材料抵抗外力的能力不同，同类材料当其内部的构造不 同时，其强度也不一样，致密度越高的材料，强度越高！吸水性：孔隙率越大，同时开孔越多，连通孔越多，吸水性就好。 抗冻性：与吸水性相反，吸水性越好，抗冻性越差。抗渗性：越吸水性一致，同时，孔的连通性对于其有着特别的影响，是其 主要影响方面。导热性：孔隙率一定，连通孔越少，导热性越差，开孔与否无关紧要，如 果孔隙特征不变的的话，一般情况下孔隙率越大，导热性越差。低碳钢：碳的质量分数小与
3、 0.25%的钢（牌号划分依据） 按质量等级划分：普通钢，优质钢，高级优质钢，特级优质钢无机胶凝材料石灰（原料）石灰石、白云石、贝壳、白垩（碳酸钙）产生裂纹的原因：其一，石灰在硬化过程中，要蒸发大量的水分，引起体 积显著收缩，易出现干缩裂纹。（在其中参入砂，纸筋，以现在其收缩，并能 节约石灰。）其二，过火石灰表面常被黏土杂质融化形成的玻璃釉状物包裹，熟化较 慢，当石灰已经硬化后，其中的过火颗粒才开始熟化，体积膨胀，引起隆起和 开裂。（为消除过火石灰的危害，石灰膏应在储灰坑存放俩个星期以上，这个 过程被称为石灰的陈伏）建筑石膏的特点： 1，凝结硬化快。建筑石膏加水拌合后的浆体初凝时间不 小于3m
4、in，终凝时间不早于30min, 7d左右完全硬化。2,硬化初期有微膨胀 性。其他胶凝材料在硬化过程中往往产生收缩，而石膏略有膨胀，而且不开 裂。 3,孔隙率高,石膏制品容重小,隔热保温性能好,吸音性强。 4,防火性 能好,遇火时,结晶水蒸发,降低表面温度,脱水后又是良好的绝热体,起到 防火的作用。硅酸盐水泥的主要熟料矿物的名称硅酸三钙 3CaO.SiO2硅酸二钙2CaO.SiO2 （最慢，最少）铝酸三钙3CaO.AI2O3（凝结硬化速度最快，28d水化放热量最 大）铁铝酸四钙 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3影响水泥凝结硬化的因素 1.养护时间 2温度湿度 3石膏参量（ 1熟料中铝酸 三钙含
5、量高,石膏参入不足,水泥会发生快凝 2 水泥的细度越细,水化作用越 快,凝结就会越快 3 水灰比越小,凝结时的温度越高,凝结就越快 4 混合材料 参量大,水泥过粗,都会使水泥凝结缓慢）硅酸盐水泥的技术性质 1 细度：水泥颗粒的细度对水泥的性质有很大的影响。颗粒越细,与水反应的表面积就越 大,水化较快而且完全,早期强度也比较高。 2 凝结时间：分为初凝和终凝。初 凝：为水泥加水拌合起至标准稠度净浆开始失去可塑性所需的时间；终凝：为 水泥加水拌和起至标准稠度净浆完全失去可塑性并开始产生强度所需的时间。What级配？沙石的级配是指沙石种不同颗粒的分布情况。良好的级配应 能使沙石的空隙率和总表面积均较
6、小，以达到节约水泥，提高混凝土密实性及 其强度的目的。沙的级配用细度模数表示：普通混凝土的基本技术性质：（和易性、强度、耐久性） 和易性：是指混凝土拌合物易于施工操作，并获得质量均匀，成形密实混凝土的性能。影响因素： 1水泥浆的数量和水灰比的影响。在水灰比不变的情况下，单位 体积拌合物内，水泥浆越多，拌合物的流动性越大。 2 砂率的影响，实验证明， 砂率对拌合物的和易性有很大影响。 3组成材料性质的影响。（ 1）水泥。水泥 对拌合物的影响主要是水泥品种和水泥细度的影响。（ 2）骨料。骨料对拌合物 的影响主要包括骨料级配、颗粒形状、表面特征及颗径。（3）外加剂。外加剂对拌合物的和易性有很大影响。
7、温度和时间的影响。 混凝土拌合物的流动性随温度的升高而降低。影响强度的因素： 1 水泥强度等级和水灰比。水泥强度等级和水灰比是影响 混凝土抗压强度的主要因素。 2 龄期。混凝土在正常养护条件下，其强度将随着 龄期的增加而增长。 3养护的温度和湿度。混凝土养护的温度和湿度是影响其强 度的主要因素，温度和湿度都是影响水泥的水化过程而起作用的。什么是胶凝材料在砂浆中起着胶结的作用的材料，它是影响砂浆流动性、 黏聚性和强度等主要性质的主要组分。红砖：当以黏土为原料时，焙烧过程中，铁被氧化成红色的高价铁，所以 叫红砖青砖：当温度过高，高价铁被还原成青灰色的低价铁，成青灰色，叫青 砖。泛霜：泛霜是指黏土为
8、原料中的可溶性盐类，随着砖内水分蒸发而在砖表 面产生的盐析现象石灰爆裂：当黏土含有石灰石时，焙烧时，会生成过火生石 灰留在砖内，这些生石灰在砖内吸收外界的水分，消化并产生体积膨胀，导致 波坏，这种现象被称为石灰爆裂。什么是沥青材料：是由一些极其复杂的高分子碳氢化合物和这些碳氢化合物的非金属的衍生物所组成的混合物，是一种褐色或黑褐色的有机胶凝材料。性质（憎水性，在常温下呈固态，半固态，或黏性液体。能与砂石，砖，混凝 土，等材料牢固的凝结在一起，具有良好的耐腐蚀性）石油沥青三大组分，油分、树脂、沥青质油分：赋予沥青以流动性，油分的多少直接影响沥青的柔软性、抗裂性以 及施工难度。树脂：主要使沥青具有
9、塑性和黏性。沥青质：决定着沥青的粘结力。黏度和温度稳定性。蜡对沥青的影响：它会降低石油沥青的粘结性和塑性，并对温度很敏感。 是有害成分，在高温时，会使沥青变软，导致沥青路面高温稳定性降低，出现 车辙。低温会使沥青变脆，抗裂性降低，出现裂缝。粘附性降低，在有水的条 件下，会使路面石子产生脱落，造成路面破坏。影响行车安全。无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的 准备你都很难在这样的嘈杂的招待会下发表演说（ no matter how ）No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared
10、your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception.就像吉米妹妹的朋友们关系吉米一样，吉米也关心他们（ just as）Just as all his sister s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them.老师回来时你敢告我的状的话，我就不再和你说话了（ tell on）. If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won a word to you antysaym
11、ore. 有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但多大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活（ onone s ow）nSome elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children.When someone does something for you ,no matter how small and no matterwhether he is superior or inferior ,it is proper to say “ thank you每当有人帮了你
12、，无论事情大小，无论他地位高低，你都应该对他说声 “谢 谢”。The invention of the steam engine changed ships just as it had changed land transport蒸汽机的发明使船舶发生了变化，正如其已经改变了陆地运输一样。Though the manager did his best to help ,hewas still unable to track down the source of the problem尽管经理努力帮忙，他还是不能找到问题的根源所在。The girl ,whose life revolved a
13、round her brother ,had no difficulty working out what she should do to please him这个女孩的生活天天围着哥哥转，完全明白该做什么来使哥哥高兴。Jimmy had his sister to help him get through the painful days alone without his father吉米有他妹妹帮助他度过那些没有父亲的艰难日子。被告是为年仅 32 岁的女子，她坚持自己无罪( use an appositive)The defendant, a woman of only 30, kep
14、t insisting on her own innocence. 正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化( interfere with )No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 考虑到那个地区受欢迎程度，提前订旅馆是明智的( advisable)Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance 服药后若感到呕吐感，请立即停止服用并尽快咨询医生 (
15、throw up ). If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately andconsult your doctors as soon as possible.总结这次讨论会，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一 问题（ sum up） Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the pro
16、blem.Endurance athletes , particularly females ,who frequently have iron deficiency, may bounce back if they consume additional meat or take iron supplements耐力运动员，尤其是女性，经常会缺铁，如果增食肉类食物或服用铁质补 剂，能够恢复到健康状态According to the medicine expert ,itis advisable for those who suffer from fatigue and poor perform
17、ance to eat red meat ,which contains the most easily absorbed form iron这位运动医学专家认为，感到劳累、工作效率差的人，最好食用牛肉、羊 肉，它们含有最易被吸收的铁质People with low iron reserves should consult a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying their diet or by taking supplements铁质储量低的人应该去咨询医生，看看是否应通过调整饮食或服用铁质补
18、 剂来校正不足。In general ， if you ignore the amount of the iron you take in and do not pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone ,you will be in trouble一般说来，如果你忽视自己摄入的铁质含量，不在铁质储备失去之前注意 警告信号，你会有危险在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional从长远看，大学毕业后继续
19、深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的（ in the long run,worthwhile )In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one s study after graduating fromuniversity instead of going to work directly.据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开( be scheduled to, put off)It is said that the meeting, which is scheduled to be held this month, will be put
20、off till next month.As in France , during the 1906s in the United States there was a cultural revolution.跟在法国一样，美国在 20 世纪 60 年代也发生过文化革命。The school stresses the ideal that it is worthwhile for parents to participate in school activities together with their children学校强调的观点是：家长和孩子一起参加学校的活动是值得的。At the e
21、nd of the class ,the teacher asks her students to spend the last five minutes in an energetic exchange evaluating their class performance for the day on 1-10 scale快下课时，老师让学生用最后的五分钟来展开激烈的讨论，依照 110 的评分标准相互评价他们当天的课堂表现。Not all parents believe in Hyde School s principle that if you teach studentsmerit of
22、 such values as turth , courage , integrity, leadership ,curiosity and concern ,then academic achievement naturally follows并非所有的家长都相信海德中学的办学原则，即如果你向学生传授诸如求 真、勇敢、正直领导能力、好奇心和关心他人等美德的话，学生的学习成绩就 自然会提高。从各个方面考虑，这座城市都是世界上最令人激动的城市. Everything considered, this city is the world s mostexciting city.尽管没有得到父母的同
23、意，她还是计划他的计划出国学习Though with no approval from his parents, he went ahead with his plan to study abroad.这座桥是以一个英雄的名字命名的，这位英雄为人民的事业献出了自己 的生命( name after)The bridge was named after the hero who gave his life for the cause of people.据说，画家是以他母亲为模特的。他母亲的面容沧桑却不失坚定( it is said )It is said that the painter use
24、d his mother as the model in the painting whose face represented suffering yet strength.这位作家于 1905年因出版一本小说而一举成名，小说的灵感来自于他和一 位姑娘在农场的经历( rise to fame)The writer instantly rose to fame in 1950with the publication of a novel inspired by his experience with a girl on a farm.The painting shows a serious-l
25、ooking man and a women standing alongside him front in of a farm house, their models being respectively the painter sister这副画上一个神色严肃的男子，身旁站着一位女子，身后是所农舍。他们 的原型分别是画家的牙医和姐姐。Applications made by corporations,whether on their own behalf or on behalf of other persons,muse be signed by an official公司的申请书，不管
26、是代表自己还是代表他人，都应该有官员的签名After starting out in talk show , John rose to fame with his wife in radio and television programs that enlightened the general public, not just informed them做了脱口秀之后，约翰和妻子在广播和电视节目上出了名，这些节目给 普通民众以启迪，而不只是向他们提供信息Although some people did not approve of it, the city leaders decided t
27、o go ahead with the plan to build two five-star hotels by the lake to attract more visitors尽管有些人不赞同，可市领导还是决定实施这个计划，在湖边建造两个五 星级宾馆，以吸引更多的游客。The famous painter died,and his wife,who used to be a model posing for his drawings,immediately came in as a general of his decoration company那位著名画家去世了，曾经给他当模特的妻子
28、立即担任了他装潢公司的总 经理职务。At the party,all of them were richly dressed,but it was their way of talking that captured my attention so much that I feel inclined to talk with them宴会上，他们的衣着都很华丽，但吸引我注意力的却是他们的交谈方式， 使得我很想和他们交谈。直到看见弥留之际躺在床上的母亲，他才意识到自己 是多么地爱她Not until he saw his mother lying in bed, dying, did he re
29、alize how much he loved her.考虑到他最近的身体状况，我认为他这次考试成绩还不错Taking into account of his recent physical condition, I think he has done quite well in the exam.克拉克夫人躺在场上一动不动，一时间我都纳闷他是否还活着 (wonder if)Mrs. Clark lies in bed motionless, and I wondered briefly if she is still alive.整栋楼一片黑暗，只有三楼的某个窗户透出一丝光( expect
30、for)The building was darkened except for a single light burning in a third-storey window.这些士兵接受了严格的训练，并且对完成这项任务有充分的准备( be equipped)These soldiers have received very strict training and are well equipped to fulfill the new task.她伸手拿起电话，拨通宾馆的号码(reach for)s numbHe reached for the phone, picked it up, a
31、nd dialed the hotelNot until the early sixties did it seem it to be generally acknowledged that Britain was no longer a great power as previously understood直到 60 年代早期，人们似乎才普遍认同英国不再是以前心目中那样的大国 了。Having decided to rent a flat, we set about contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city 在决定了租房之后
32、，我们便着手与市内所有的房屋代理商联 系。I clean her body carefully, trying to avoid hurting her, as she is only skin and bones我小心翼翼地替她擦身子，尽量避免弄疼她，因为她瘦的只剩皮包骨了。There is a swell of emotion within me for this old man who is dying, his dark yellow skin hanging loosely around exaggerated bones, his sunken chest rising and falling with the uneven breaths 我心间对这位老人涌起了一股感情。他那暗黄的 皮肤松弛地裹在显得异常大的骨头上，深陷的胸部随着不均匀的呼吸一起一 伏。Did you read about the famous painter in the newspaper? H
