1、6. Fundamentals of industrial Ventilation（工业通风的基础）In essence this boils down to heat transfer and mass transfer between the incoming air and air the already within the building.（从本质上讲，这归结于进入的空气和已经在建筑物的空气的传热和传质。） If owing to excessive internal heat production the temperature of the air in the buildin
2、g tends to exceed the specified norms, cooler air is introduced and mixed with the indoor air; the temperature of the air （owning to heat transfer） then remains at the norm. （这是由于建筑物部产热过多导致空气的温度往往超过规定的指标，引入冷的空气引入与室空气混合（由于传热），使空气温度保持不变。）If harmful gases or vapours are released, their concentration is
3、 heldwithin specified limits by dilution with the clean incoming air.（如果有害挥发性气体被释放掉，它的浓度将会被在一定围通过引入室外清洁空气来稀释。7. Natural Ventilation Fields of Application （自然通风的应用领域）The time has long passed when it was necessary to demonstrate the benefits of natural ventilation and justify its application. The proo
4、fs were simple and very convincing.（时间已经过去很久了当它有必要去表明自然通风的好处和证明它的可用性。） They were based on comparisons of mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation. （这是基于自然通风和机械通风的比较。） In hot shops where all the emphasis was laid on mechanical ventilation, and natural air change, being regarded as unimportant,
5、was not taken into account at all.（在热的车间里，所有的重点是机械通风，自然通风被认为是无足轻重的，没有被重视到的。） It was found in all the tests that the volume of natural air change many times exceeded the volume of mechanical ventilation. （很多测试表明，自然通风的换气量几倍于机械通风的换气量。） This revealed the negligible role of general mechanical ventilation
6、 despite its heavy installation and running costs. （这表明，全面的机械通风是不会估计到它的很大的装备和运行花费。）Mechanical ventilation in these cases was best used as a corrective to natural ventilation, in the form of air curtains and local air supply or extraction.（在这些情况下，机械通风最好是自然通风的一个补救措施，以空气幕的形式和当地空气的供应和提取。9. Comfort and D
7、iscomfort（舒适与不舒适） A particular example is the range effect.（一个特别的例子这个围的影响。） When an observer experiences a range of stimuli and is asked to rate them on category scale, he tends to rate them by putting the stimuli from the middle of the range into the central categories of the rating scale.（当一个测试员经历
8、了一定围的刺激并且要求把他们分为不同类别围的等级，他倾向于从评定列表围的中间到中央类别投入的刺激来分类。） This has been clearly demonstrated in experiments on the acceptability of noise. （这已经清楚的表明对噪音的可接受性的实验。）Subjects exposed to a range of sound levels tend to place the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable noise at the centre of the range of
9、noise which they have been exposed. （受验者暴露在声音等级的围，往往已经规定了在噪音围的中央的可接受与不可接受噪音的边界。） Thus people who have only been exposed to low noise levels. （因此， 人们只暴露在低噪声等级的水平围。） The range effects do not apply only to the range of stimuli provided by the experimenter.（围的影响并不只适用于实验者提供的刺激围。） People carry their own s
10、tandards with them, based on their general experience, with which they compare a new stimulus. （根据一般的经验，人们具有自己的评价标准来比较新的刺激。） Thus, the meaning of the words comfortable or uncomfortable will not have an absolute value, but will be relative to his experience and expectation. （因此，舒服或不舒服的含义，没有一个绝对的值，而是相
11、对于他们的经验和期望。） When Gagge et al. （1976） put young men in an environmental chamber at 48, the subjects reated the environment as slightly uncomfortable.（当Gagge et al.将青年男子放于48的环境实验室中，受验者感觉环境稍不舒适。） There is little doubt that the equivalent environment in an office would be regarded as intolerable. （毫无疑问
12、，在办公室里的等效环境将被认为是不能容忍的。） However, the subjects knew they were in a physiological laboratory, were expecting to sweat, and did not object strongly to the experience. （但是，受试者知道他们在胜利实验室，他们期待汗水，并没有强烈反对这种经验 。11. Efficiency Is Fashionable Again（效率又流行起来了）Two basic types of cogeneration systems are available
13、（热电联产系统的两个基本类型是可用的）: （1） topping system, which produces electricity and exhausts thermal energy which is used for district heating or comparable functions.（一流的系统，生产电力和废气热能，这是用于区域供热或类似功能。） （2） bottoming system, which produces thermal energy for an industrial process or district heating and part of th
14、e thermal energy is withdrawn to generate electricity. （底部系统，产生热能用于工业或区域供热，以部分的热能要转回产生热能。） Each system has particular equipment requirements. （每个系统都有特定的设备要求。） Which system is used depends on the special need sand situation of the user.（使用哪种系统取决于用户需求和情况。12. Refrigeration （制冷）It is convenient to class
15、ify the applications of refrigeration into the following categories（可以把制冷的应用很便的分为以下几类）: domestic, commercial, industrial, and air conditioning.（住宅，商业，工业和空调。） Sometimes transportation is listed as a separate category.（有时候，交通被列为单独的一类。） Domestic refrigeration is used for food preparation and preservati
16、on, ice making, and cooling beverages in the household.（家用制冷是用于视频加工和保鲜，制冰，和在家庭中的冷却饮料。） Commercial refrigeration is used in retail stores, restaurants, and institutions, for purposes the same as those in the household.（商用制冷是用于零售商店，餐馆和机构，目的是和家用制冷相同。） Industrial refrigeration in the food industry is ne
17、eded in processing, preparation, and large-scale reservation.（在食品工业面的工业制冷是满足加工，制备，和大型预定面的需求。） This includes use in food chilling and freezing plants, cold storage warehouses, breweries, and dairies, to name a few.（这包括在食物中的冷却和冷冻厂，冷藏仓库，酿酒，乳制品等面的应用。） Hundreds of other industries use refrigeration; amon
18、g them are ice making plants, oil refineries, pharmaceuticals.（数以百计的行业使用制冷，其中有制冰厂，炼油厂，制药厂。） Of course ice skating rinks need refrigeration.（当然，溜冰场也需要制冷。The most widespread method of producing mechanical refrigeration is called the vapor compression system.（机械制冷生产的最有效的法就是所谓的蒸汽压缩系统。The equipment may b
19、e separate or of the unitary （also called self-contained） type.（该设备可能使单独的或单一（也称为自足）类型。14. Floor Heating: Achieving Thermal Comfort in Artificial Environments（地板采暖：实现人工环境的热舒适性）We have touched on improvements in building standards but no amount of insulation can change the laws of physics-heat still r
20、ises. （我们已经提及了改善建筑标准，但是没有任绝热的量可以改变热损失的不断上升。）Efficient insulation will, however, serve to trap heat above head level in an area where it can make no contribution to human comfort. （然而，高效保温服务于保留热量在一个区域的热水平，它可以对人们舒适度不做任贡献。） Solving this problem involves a close study of the three types of heat availabl
21、e to us.（解决这个问题，涉及到关于热量供应的三个类型的一个已经完成的研究。） Radiant heat provides the most pleasurable sensation of comfort.（热辐射，提高了舒适的愉悦感。） It contributes to the exhilaration of a walk in the spring sunshine even through the ambient air temperature may be only a few degrees above freezing. （它有助于使走在春天的里很高兴，即使围的空气温度只
22、有零上几摄氏度。） We humans also respond well to conducted heat-thecat-like pleasure that comes from the warmth of a hot water bottle or just cuddling up to another person.（我们人类对于像猫一样导热会有良好的回应，很高兴热量来自暖水袋或者只是蜷缩着身子躺在另外一个人的身边。） Lastly, there is convected heat caused by the effects of the radiation and conducti
23、on warming the air and causing it to rise.（最后，对流换热所导致的辐射影响和传导变暖的空气，使其上升。）By using all three types of heat in association we can achieve very high levels of thermal comfort.（通过协会所使用的三种类型的热，我们可以达到非常高水平的热舒适性能。） The normal criterion for heating design is to achieve a specified air temperature against th
24、e given heat loss of the building at a specified outside ambient temperature. （采暖设计的一般准则，是实现指定的空气温度针对指定的外界环境温度的建筑热损失。） When designing a floor heating system, however, lower air temperatures may be acceptable because of the higher level of overall radiation and the added benefit of conduction from wa
25、rm, friendly floors.（然而，当设计地板采暖系统，较低的气温是可以被接受的，这是因为较高的整体辐射和来自地面暖和的友好的热传导所引起额外的好处。17. Operation and Maintenance of the Airconditioning plant（操作和维修的空调厂）The basis of any planned maintenance scheme is a filing system whereby the checks and services to be carried out on any piece of plant come to light a
26、t the appropriate time. （任计划的维修案的基础都是一个备案系统，任一部分设备在合适的时候都要进行检查和服务。）This can be done by a card index system or by using a computer. （这可以用卡片索引系统或者计算机来做。）When staff complete a piece of maintenance they ought to note down anything which they see to be in need of attention or likely to be in need of attention in the near future, such as a bearing running hot which would eventually fail. （在工作人员完成维修后，他们应该标明他们觉得应该注意什么或者在不久的将来什么可能需要注意。） This enables the repair to be carried out at a convenient time, rather than in a period when everything seems to fail at once.（这要使维修在一个便的时期，而不是在一个任事情看起来马上要失败的时候。
