1、英语高中英语语法复习大全详细语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.先行词 关系代词 定语从句2) You must do everything that I do.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg. This is the room which I
2、lived in last year.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(三)：定语从句中有 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.关系副词 when, where, why 等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。关系代词词行先行词充当成分who人主、宾、表Whom人宾That人&物主、宾、表Which物主、宾、表As物主、宾Whose=of whomof which人&物定语关系副词When=atinonduring which时
3、间状Where=atinto which地点状Why=for which原因状that 在口语中可以代替关系副词以上三者状注：先行词是time, minute, moment, next time很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。 一、指人的用法that用于指人，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如：A driver that has knocked someone down must stop.撞人的司机必须停车。(关系代词that指driver，在从句中作主语)He is the man that you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。
4、(关系代词that指man，在从句中作宾语)He is not that man that he was.他已不是过去的他了。(关系代词that指man，在从句中作表语)二、指物的用法that用于指物，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如：This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.这是下午要飞往东京的那架飞机。(关系代词that指plane，在定语从句中作主语)She was annoyed by something that I had said.她为我说的某句话而不高兴。(关系代词that指something，在定
5、语从句中作宾语)Shengzhen is not the city that it used to be.深圳现在已不是原来的那个城市了。(关系代词that指city，在定语从句中作表语)关系代词which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。She was not on the train which arrived just now.她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(关系代词which指train，在从句中用作主语)He never got back the money which he had lent him.他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。(关系代词which指mo
6、ney，在从句中用作宾语)关系代词who, whom)的用法who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定语从句中用作主语，whom在定语从句中用作宾语。如：I met a girl who knew your sister.我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟她结了婚。She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before.她把我介绍给她丈夫，我以前没见过他。但是
7、，用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用who, that代之。The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向他投诉的那个人是经理。The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager.我向他投诉的那个人是经理。关系代词whose的用法关系代词whose既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定语从句中主要用作定语。如：She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。This is the house who
8、se windows were broken.这就是窗户被打破了的房子。Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job.格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学，她想找一份工作。His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight.他的房子窗户无一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。as1.用于引导限制性定语从句，主要与such, as, the same连用，其意为“像的”“凡是的”“一类的人(物)”。如：Hes not such a fool as he l
9、ooks.他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.他并不是一个做事半途而废的人。2.用于引导非限制性定语从句，根据情况可位于主句之前或之后，有时也可插在主句中间，其意为“这件事”“这一点”。如()：He is late, as is often the case.他迟到了，这是经常的事。As is usual with children, they soon got tired.孩子们一贯如此,他们很快就厌倦了。David, as you know, has not been well lately
10、.大卫最近身体不太好，这你是知道的。关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where
11、，而要用that, which等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets.他在一家电视机厂工作。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。There are cases where the word“mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。I dont want a job where
12、Im chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必须作出抉择的时候到了。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期
13、，那时天气可能会好一点。注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从
14、句中用作原因状语。如：We dont know the reason why he didnt show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的因。与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come.这就是我请你来的原因之一。另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制
15、性定语从句。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标 点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who (that) whom
16、指物which (that)人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which人和物的whose关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子限制性非限制性形式上无逗号有逗号内容上先行词不是唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。关系词可用that ,why.作宾语可以省略不可用that ,why。关系词一律不省。先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以使整个句子汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句 1二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗
17、号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。He has a brother who is a physicist.He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一个)He returned all the books which are written in English.He returned all the books, which are written in English. The man who lives next door
18、 is a doctor.My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.（六） 关系代词that和which的区别 只能用that的情况 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.Im interested in everything that I dont know. (2)
19、如果先等词被 all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.例如：I read all the books that you gave to me. This is the only money that I have in my pocket. (3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which。This is the first book that was written in English. This is the last f
20、actory that I visited. (4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.This is the only book that I really like.He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.(5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who, which.例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are
21、very lovely. He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(6)who ,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.Who is the person that is standing there?Which of us that knows English doesnt know this? (7) 关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.It took us many years to make the city that it is today.He is not the man that h
22、e used to be. (8) 先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that .Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water. (9) 当主句 “ there be “开头时，关系代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.(10) 当先行词是 “ to be “ 后面的表语时关系
23、代词用that . This is the dictionary that was bought in the bookstore yesterday.只能用which的情况 1) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.Bei jing , which is chinas capital, is rich in culture.2)those/that +名词后的
24、定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。That pen which he took is mine.A shop should keep those goods which sells well.3) 介词后只用which This is the room in which he lived. The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语， 不用that.例如：He su
25、cceeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?(6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词 which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.只用who, whom.而不用that的情况 (1) 如果先行词是anyone, anyb
26、ody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等时，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?People all like those who have good manners.（2） 当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV
27、 then. Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting. (3)当先行词有较长的 后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know.(5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人
28、的特定名词时，常用who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister.（七）“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1)“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?
29、Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher. (2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.（3）*关系代词前的介词如何确定？A.依据定语从句中动
30、词的某种习惯搭配 Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定 There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)C.根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4
31、)*注意关系代词的位置 介词在关系代词前时，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters. = This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以
