1、英语语法基本基础知识时态 英语的时态问题 英语的时态可以分为： “时”(time) 和 “体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。 时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来 体分为：一般（在某个时间点）， 进行（延续某个时间段）， 完成（完成某个时间段） 完成进行 （延续某个完成的时间段） 如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。 注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。 时间 体现
2、在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 Write(s) Wrote Shall write Will Should write Would 进行 Am writing Is areWas writing were Shall Be writing will Should Be writing Would 完成 Have written hasHad written Shall Have written will Should Have written would完成进 行Have Been writhing hasHad been writing Shall Have been writhing w
3、ill Should Have been Writing would 下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。 一一般现在时 表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况 1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时间状语连用。 He takes a walk after supper everyday My mother and father work at the same company. 2、表示性格，特征，能力。 Mr. Smith hates
4、 fish and never eats any. 3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。 The sun rises in the east. 二一般过去时(yesterday, last 点”的时间状语表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“ week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用She bought a car last week. He came to help me at that time. 三一般将来时 ”上发生的动作或者状态。表示将来的时间“点The train will arrive soon. We shall know the news tomo
5、rrow. 四过去将来时 要发生的动作或状态。点”上将过去某个时间“I asked her where she would spend her holiday. I told my father that I should go home next Monday. 五现在进行时 上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。表示现在的时间“段”m doing some washing. I What are you doing? 六过去进行时 “段”正在延续进行的动作。在过去某一个时间clock yesterday evening. I was working in my office at eight o
6、He was making a phone call when I saw him. 七将来进行时 一般不太常用。在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，clock tomorrow afternoon? oWhat will you be doing at 3 （明天下午三点你将在做什么哪） 八现在完成时而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟“段”表示动作在一个时间的完成， 相连。for 10 hours , by the last yearsince 1987， 时间状语My brother has been ill for 3 days. I have
7、 not seen her since 1991. 九过去完成时过去的或者称为的某个时间过去“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。在 过去。He said that he had written her a letter. Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep. 十将来完成进行时 一般不太常用。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作，. by next dayll have done all the work I 十一。现在完成进行时，表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，它强调在这个已经完成的时间“段” 动作持续的进行，常有感
8、情色彩。everywhere for the whole morning. I have been looking for you 我找了你整整一天了。（有抱怨的感情色彩） 十二。过去完成进行时并且强调动作的持续进是过去的一点延续到过去的另一点，正个时间段都是发生在过去的， 。行，带感情色彩，但一般不常用He told me he had been teaching for more than 20 years. 最后提醒一下： 某些与时态规律不太一致的规则。过去将来同除了一般将来时态外，还可以用以下的几种形式表达。表示一般将来的意思的， 样可以运用。 一般现在时、1 am (is ,are)
9、 + to do The girls are to go to school next week. 2、现在完成时 am (is ,are) + doing We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History tomorrow. 在这里，我们重点讲一下以下常用时态： 一、一般现在时 一般现在时主要用来表示： 1. 表示一种永久性的、不涉及特定的时间的一般性陈述和客观存在。 e.g. I) He smokes too much. II) It seldom snows here. 2. 用于说明自然规律、客观真理、科学事实，格言、谚语等也属于词
10、类等。 e.g. I) The earth moves round the sun. II) Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于雄辩。 3. 动作动词的一般现在时可以表示现阶段重复发生的一系列事件。这时常和sometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year, twice a day, five times a month等表示频度的副词（短语）连用。 e.g. I) Teenagers often spend hours
11、 shopping, especially on weekends. II) We always care for each other and care for each other. 4. 如果动作动词所指的是一个在讲话时开始并结束的单一行为，则意味着该事件很少或没有持续性，通常只用于行为语、特殊感叹句或对快速体育运动等的实况报导。 e.g. I) Here comes the winner. II) I declare the meeting open. 我宣布会议开始。 5. 表示将来时间。在由when，if，after，before，as soon as，even if，in cas
12、e，though，till，until，unless，so long as等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时可以用来表示将来时间。 e.g. I) Youd better take an umbrella in case (万一) it rains. II) So long as (只要) you work hard, youll surely succeed. 6. 一般现在时可以用来表示一个按规定、计划、或安排要发生的情况。但这只限于少数动词，如begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, end, stop, de
13、part, open, close等。 e.g. I) The plane takes off at 11 a.m. II) School begins the day after tomorrow. III) Is there a film on tonight? 7. 在I hope, I bet等后面的that-分句中可用一般现在时表示将来概念。 e.g. I) I bet Houston Rocket beats Miami Heats this afternoon. II) I hope the storm passes quickly. 8. 在see (to it), make
14、sure, make certain等后面的that-分句中可用一般现在时表示将来概念。 e.g. I) Please see (to it) that windows are closed before you leave. II) Be sure that you dont work too hard. 9. 用于讲故事，叙述文、新闻报导或图片说明等中，以增加描述的生动性和真实感。 e.g. He sits down, shivers (颤抖) a little. The clock outside strikes twelve. 二、一般将来时 一般将来时主要用来表示： 1. 将要发生的
15、动作或情况。 e.g. I) When shall we have an oral test (口试)? II) He will start to work in June. 2. 习惯动作或未来的倾向。 e.g. I) Wherever he goes, he will take an umbrella with him. II) Only in this way will we succeed. 只有这样我们才能成功。 3. 表示将要发生的动作，除了一般将来时外，还有一些其他结构和时态。 a) be going + 不定式 (表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事) e.g. I)
16、 Look at those clouds! Its going to rain. 看那些乌云，天快下雨了。 II) I am going to leave for Paris with my classmates next week. b) be about + 不定式 (表示正要、刚要发生的事情) e.g. I) The train is about to leave. II) We are just in time. The curtain is about to go up. 我们来得很及时，电影刚好拉开序幕。 c) be + 不定式 (表示按日程将要发生的动作) e.g. I) Th
17、ere is to be a test in the fifth week. II) I am to meet my friend at the railway station this afternoon. d) 动词现在时 (见现在进行时2) e) 一般现在时 (见一般现在时5、6、7、8) f) 动词将来进行时，可用来表示不含意图的将来概念。 e.g. I) Machines will be doing many jobs that people do today. II) We will be staying in Beijing for three days. 三、一般过去时 一般过
18、去时主要用来表示： 1. 表示事件或状态必定发生在过去，从其完成到现在之间有一段间隔。过去时间可以由状语表示，如yesterday，an hour ago，in 1972，last year等。 e.g. I) In 1972, Fathers Day became a national holiday in the United States. II) Jane was here a moment ago. 2. 动作动词的一般过去时可以表示在过去一段时间里重复发生的一系列事件。这时常和sometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week
19、/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year, twice a day, five times a month等表示频度的副词（短语）连用。 e.g. I) Ken never smoked. II) I went to the cinema three times last week. 3. 在时间和条件状语从句中，一般过去时可以替代过去将来时。 e.g. I) Father promised to buy me a MP3 if he got a pay raise. II) I couldnt watch that exciting game befo
20、re my homework was finished. 谓 语 动 词 的 时 态（二） 四、现在完成时 1. 现在完成时只要用来表示： a) 开始于过去而延续至今的动作（有可能继续延续下去）或重复性的事件。 e.g. I) Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times. 广告在现代社会中已成为一项非常专业化的活动。 II) She has lived here since 1997. b) 动作的结果到现在时刻仍然存在，常与recently, just, already, yet, before, in
21、 the past few years, up to now, so far, this year, for, since等时间状语连用。 e.g. I) So far we have learned a lot about different tenses. II) In the past few decades (十年) great changes have taken place in Hangzhou. 2. 现在完成时和一般过去时的比较： a) 意义上的区别 两种时态的动作都发生在过去，现在完成时强调动作现在的结果；过去时着眼过去的动作或状态本身。试比较： e.g. I) I hav
22、e read this book. (说明我了解书的内容。) II) I read this book yesterday. (叙述昨天做的一件事，与现在无关。) b) 时间状语的区别 与一般过去时相关的yesterday (morning), a month ago, earlier this month, last week/month/year/ 状语 Monday, the other day (前几天), at that time, in 1979, etc. 与现在完成时相关的since Monday, so far, ever, never, up to now/ present
23、, yet, for three days, 状语 etc. Today, recently, this week/month/year/June, this morning/afternoon/evening, 与两者都相关的状语recently, before, once, already, etc. c) 特殊用法 i) 在“This/ It is the first (second, third, last, etc.) time ”后用现在完成时。 e.g. It is the first time that I have traveled by train. ii) 在“It is
24、/ has been a long time since ”后用过去时。 e.g. It has been 10 years since I graduated from my university. iii) 在“This is + 最高级形容词 + 名词”后的从句中用现在完成时。 e.g. He is the most interesting person I have ever met. 五、将来完成时 将来完成时由shall (will) have加过去分词构成，主要表示将来某时已经发生的事情。如果句子中有“by + 将来的某一时间”或when, before等时间状语时，可以用将来完
25、成时。 e.g. I) I shall have finished my homework before lunch. II) By the end of next month, he will have lived here fore three years. III) When we get there, they will probably have left. IV) Hurry up, or the train will have left by the time we get to the station. 六、过去完成时 1. 过去完成时的用法 过去完成时主要表示先于过去某一时间
26、的事件或状态，即“过去的过去”。这一事件或状态可以在过去某一时间以前已经完成，也可能从“过去的过去”某一时间一直延续到过去某一时间（甚至还可能延续下去，但与现在时间无关）。 a) 过去完成时常和after, before, by, till, when, until等引入的状语连用。 e.g. I) I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had collected more than 2000. II) When I woke up it had already stopped raining. III) She did
27、nt go to bed until she had finished her homework. b) 在很多情况下没有明显的时间状语，时间由上下文表示出来。 e.g.I) He went to see his boss and told him what had happened. II) They returned earlier than we had expected. c) 过去完成时的几种特殊用法 i) 和before连用，表示“还没就”。 e.g. I) She cried before I had realized what was happening. 我还没有意识到发生什
28、么事情她就哭了起来。 II) They set out before I had told them the address. ii) “It/This/That was the first/second/third time that ” 结构中的从句，要求用过去完成时态。 e.g. I) It was the first time they had tried foreign food. II) It was the first time that he had finished his composition in 30 minutes. iii) 在“no sooner than ”和
29、“hardly/scarcely when ”的结构中，主句中用过去完成时，从句中用一般过去时。 e.g. I) I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang. II) No sooner had we begun than we were told to stop. iv) 与expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want等动词连用时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。 e.g. I) I had planned to visit you, but I just
30、couldnt find time. II) He had hoped to help you, but he was ill. 2. 过去完成时和一般过去时的比较： 过去完成时表示过去某一时刻，或某个动作前发生的事，即过去的过去，它着眼于显示过去发生的几个动作的先后。一般过去时只叙述过去某时刻或某时刻后发生的动作，但不强调时间顺序。 e.g. I) When he got home, his wife had already prepared the dinner. (他回家前饭已做好。) II) When he got home, he saw a letter on his desk.
31、(他回家后看到桌上有一封信。) 七、现在进行时 现在进行时主要用来表示： 1. 现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。 e.g. I) They are making preparations for it. II) He is showing a foreign guest round the city. 2. 一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。但这只限于少数动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, do, play等。 e.g. I) We are leaving on Friday. II) I am seeing the
