1、英语时态现在完成时精讲和练习I. 定义：表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态II. 现在完成时的结构肯定句：have/has+ done (过去分词) 否定句：主语+have/has+not+ done (过去分词)+其他.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+ done (过去分词)+其他.简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)No, 主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定)注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。
2、用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。III. 现在完成时的标志1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 现在完成时通常和，ever, never, twice（once）, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years（在过去几年） , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚),
3、 before（以前）, recently（近来） 等词连用说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：I have already finished my homework. I havent finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet?They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)I cant find my
4、 watch now. I think I have already lost it.2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用IV. 现在完成时的用法A表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影想或结果）。例如： The car has arrived.车子来了。（结果：车
5、子已在门口）Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）B. 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。例如： My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。 Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。 How long
6、have you been here? 你来这里多久了？ 注意：此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。例如： (1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。 错误：I have bought the book for three months. 正确：I have had the book for three months. (2)你哥哥参军多长时间了？ 错误：How long has your brother joined the army? 正确：How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier?英语中的短暂性
7、动词和延续性动词 英语动词根据词义可分为两种，一种是延续性的，一种是终止性的。动词按其动作发生的方式，动作发生过程的长短，分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词表示的动词是一种延续的动作，这种动词可以延续下去或产生持久的影响。如：learn，work，stand，lie，know，walk，keep， have，wait，watch，sing，read，sleep，live等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词，表示的动作不能延续，即动作发生立即结束，产生某种结果。在有了某种结果之后，就不能再继续下去。如：leave，start，set out，arrive，reach，get to，be
8、gin， stop，shut，turn off，marry，put，put on，get up，wake，fall，join，receive， finish，end，complete，become，come，go，die，close，open，break，give， jump，buy，borrow等。所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用，即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中。终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法: .将时间状语改为时间段 + ago，句中谓语动词用一般过去时。eg.我弟弟参军两年了.
9、 My brother joined the army two years ago. .若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词。 My brother has been in the army for two years. My brother has been a soldier for two years 将短暂性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语即可和一段时间连用，其常用的方法有如下几种：a直接替换，即用相应的延续性动词替换的主要有：buyhave，borrow keep，come go become
10、be，catch get a coldhave a cold，等。bbe名词：join the Party Leaguebe a Party League member， go to schoolbe a student，join the armybe a soldier等。cbe形容词副词：diebe dead，leavebe away（from），put onbe on，finish endbe over，begin startbe on，comebe here in，fall asleepbe asleep，go outbe out等。dbe介词短语：go to schoolbe in
11、at school，join the army be in the army等。e去掉短语中的短暂性动词：get to knowknow，come to workwork，begin to studystudy等。1终止性动词的用法 1）终止性动词可用来表示某一动作的完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：The plane has arrived.飞机到了。I have finished my homework. 我已完成了作业。 2）终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续，所以其现在完成时（只限于肯定式）不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：他死了三年了。误：He has died for three
12、 years他来这儿三个月了。误：he has come here for three months两句中的动词die和come都为终止性动词，它们可用于完成时，但不能同表示一段时间的状语for three years months连用。那这两句如何译成英语呢？我们可采用下列方法： A用能够表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。如：He has been dead for three yearsHe has been here for three months B把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语，原动词的完成时改为过去时。如： He died three year
13、s agoHe came here three months ago C用“It is has been 一段时间since（一般过去时）”结构。如：It is has been three years since he diedIt is has been three months since he came here D用“多长时间has passed since（一般过去时）”结构。如：Three years has passed since he diedThree months has passed since he came here3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已成为一种可以
14、延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I havent heard from him for two weeks我已两个星期没收到他的信了。He hasnt left here since 1990自从1990年以来，他一直没有离开过这儿。4）终止性动词的否定式同until一起连用，构成“notuntil”结构，意为“直到才”，表示这个动作直到until所表达的时间到来时才发生。如：We wont go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops直到雨停了我们才会去参观长城。When did you go to bed last nig
15、ht？昨晚你几点钟点上床睡觉的？I didnt go to bed until my father got home直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡觉。5）在while（表示“一段时间”）引导的从句中，不能用终止性动词，但when可以，因为when可表示“时间的点”，也可表示“一段时间”。如：误：While I got to the village，it was dark正：When I got to the village，it was dark6）终止性动词肯定式的完成时不能和how long连用。如：误：How long have you borrow the book？可改用延续性动词或与wh
16、en连用的一般过去时。正：How long have you kept the book？正：When did you borrow the book？2延续性动词的用法 1）延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时可以同一段时间状语连用。如：I have waited for him for nearly two hours我等他快两个小时了。 2）终止性动词不能和表一段时间的状语连用。同样，延续性动词也不能和表示短暂时间的时间点连用。如：误：It rained at eight yesterday morningrain为延续性动词，而at eight是表示时间点的状语，显然矛盾。如果要用延
17、续性动词表示一瞬间的行为，可以借助come，get， begin等终止性动词来表达。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning3）在until引导的时间状语从句中，若主句的谓语动词是持续性动词，既可以用肯定形式，也可以用否定形式，但句子含义不同。试比较：She listened to the radio until her father came back她一直听收音机到她父亲回来。She didnt listen to the radio until her father came back直到她父亲回来才听收音机。延续性动词与非延续性
18、动词之间的转换 1. come/go/arrive/get/reach/move-be in/at 2. come/go out be out 3. go/come be here 4. leave be away / from 5. join the army-be in the army /be a soldierjoin the Party-be in the Party /be a Party member 6. die be dead 7. catch a cold have a cold 8. begin / start =be on 9. end/finish-be over 1
19、0. put on wear 11. buy have 12. borrow keep 13. become be 14. fall asleep be asleep 15. fall ill/sick be ill/sick 16. lose be lost 17. get to know begin to know18. go to sleep/ get to sleep=sleep 19. get up be up 20. close be closed21. move be out of 22. break be broken 23. marry be married24. go be
20、 away 25. wake be awake 26. get to know - know 27.wearput on 28. open be open 用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for时间段”或“since时间点”。如：He has been in the Green China for three years.He has been a member of the Green China for three years.他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。 The old man died 4 years ago.- The old man has
21、 been dead for 4 years.He joined the Party 2 years ago.- He has been in the Party for 2 years.I bought the book 5 days ago.- I have had the book for 5 days. 表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time等。V. 现在
22、完成时态与一般过去时态的区别 1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。I saw this film yesterday.（强调动作发生的时间是yesterday 。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）2一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：ago, last week/.， in 2008, in the past, just now, the day before yesterday, yesterday ., then(那时),that da
23、y, one day, once(从前)现在完成时常和recently（近来），ever, never, twice, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）连用。现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用。现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. VI. 比较since和forsince 后接时间点， for后接时间段，试比较：I have
24、 lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.VII. 比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been inhave(has) been to.表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。have(has) gone to表示“
25、已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)He has gone to Shanghai. 他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里)Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
26、布朗先生来上海已经有三天了现在完成时练习（1）I. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化1.He died 10 years ago. He _ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. He _the book for 2 weeks.3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. He _the motorbike for a month.4. He arrived here three days ago.He _here since three days ago
27、.5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. The light _for 2 hours.6. He left here 2 years ago. He _from here for 2 years.7. The film began 30 minutes ago. The film _ for 30 minutes.8. They opened the door an hour ago. The door _ for an hour.9. They closed the door an hour ago. The door _for an hour.
28、10. He joined the army last year. He _ a _ for a year. = He _ the army for a year. = It _ a year _ he joined the army. II. 单项选择。( )1. The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year .A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D. has written ( )2. Have you met Mr. Li _？A. Just B. ago C.before D.a mome
29、nt ago( )3. How long have you _ here ? About two months .A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived( )4. Our country _ a lot so far .Yes. I hope it will be even _ . A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good C. has changed ; better D. changed; better ( )5. _ you _ your homework yet ?Yes. I _ it a moment ago.A.
30、Did; do; finished B.Have; done; finished C.Have; done; have finished D. will; do; finish( )6. We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew( )7. Harry Potter is a very nice film. I _ twice.A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see( )8. These farmers have been to the United States .Really? When _ there ?A. will they go B.did they go
