1、2.外文原文学校建筑规划设计漫谈在校园内的功能和各种需求亦趋向于多元化，在规划、设计中必须要找出一种合适的方法来适应、符合现在及未来的世界潮流需要。1、学校的功能和秩序 学校特别是高等学校的功能相对来说是比较复杂的，在规划设计中要充分考虑到学校中的功能分区和教学的秩序，才能做到有合理的设计和良好的规划。 教学区是校园的核心，是校园建设中的最关键的部分。学校中的一切其它功能均是围绕其进行的。教学区的布局主要有组团式与网络式两种主要设计方法。组团式便于院系相对独立地组织教学活动与进行管理，更能适应建校周期较长而分期施工的现实。“院落”是是中国传统的建筑布局形式，由建筑所围成的庭院形成社交性的公共空
2、间，也有利于学校中的交流。网络式的发展规划有利于不同的科系在今后的发展中专业更新与规模调整，并可灵活调节教学用房的使用性质，因此被现代的新型校园规划布局所偏爱，它利于目前国内的大学院校、院系合并和学科调整的教学改革大趋势。学生宿舍生活区是大学校园内又一个重要的组成部分，无论改革后学生生活区社会化管理落实的力度有多大，还是由于扩招形式的“不是数着床板招生”的局面到何种程度，在目前的实际情况下，新建的大学校园仍然需要规划好学生生活区的建设。当然要充分考虑到如何便于社会化的管理，有利于形成独立的管理系统，为以后的发展留有可能性。2、学校的交通组织 高等学校交通组织中，首要的是要体现以人为本的思想。根
3、据教师、学生的心理及行为方式研究各种道路组织、形态和层次，创造一个满足校园使用者的物质和精神上要求的校园环境。现代校园要求建筑物之间能联络方便、尽量通畅、便捷。为此，各类建筑物的设计，多采用集中式的布局，建筑群体也多以成团的方式组合，尽量减少楼间的距离几交通路线。各个相对独立的区域之间，也尽量打通分割界限，室内外都设有方便的连廊和通道，使建筑群体在整体上能联络通畅，达到提高和保证交通、交流、传递、沟通之最佳的效率。3、学校的环境和可持续发展 环境对于人心理的影响，以及反馈对人情绪的感染，都会产生物质的效应。人在良好的环境中，在使人精神振奋的条件下，无疑会更多的诱发思想的灵感和智慧的火花，这对教
4、学、科研的作用虽是无形的，但肯定是有效的。现代的校园的环境设计，应该立足于创造优美高雅有文化的校园环境，以适应人的精神需要，提高人的修养，陶冶人的情操。如立体绿化、室外美术、雕塑、以及精心设计的叠石、草坪、流水、花丛、石灯及小建筑等，在这极富高雅格调、传统与现代交融、给人以美之享受的校园中，师生智慧之火花怎能不奔放呢？在学校中除了正常的教学、科研工作外，大量的研讨、广泛的交流是十分必要的。各种研讨和交流，可以是有计划、有组织的，也可以是无计划、无组织的，但往往是后者对参与者的作用是巨大的，而且更加有效。为此需要创造一个能适应并满足师生们灵活、自由的交流的空间。如在室内外设置各种适合于师生停留、
5、小憩、谈话的场所、空间、角落，并放置一些桌椅板凳；有条件的地方可以放置自动售货机或小买部、咖啡屋。这种良好的交流机会，有利于各种信息、情报、知识相互的交流、传递、碰撞，到到智慧的升华。现代学校建筑要求个体建筑结构体系和内部空间的划分，更加通用化、模数化，以适应灵活、变化的要求。为适应多功能的需要，教室、研究室、实验室的尺度均较大，可通用、可互换，多采用柱网较大的框架结构体系。教室的种类不多，但适应性较强，以保证其多用途、多功能的各种教研环节的需要。在校园的规划设计中也要注意到对环境的保护和可持续发展的问题。建立即能满足当代人的需要，而又不对将来的发展规律产生破坏的校园。首先要始终如一的保护环境
6、、维持自然的生态平衡。校园中不但要有足够的绿化面积，还要积极的促进生态的良好发展，如校园的生物多样性，水面的净化、保持，以及推进原有山地、湿地的自然发展。创造新的生态平衡，人造自然环境，制造小气候，充分利用阳关、风、雨等自然资源；使人们能够更好地享受自然、回归自然。4、校园建筑的单体设计 校园建筑应有校园建筑的特色和品格，探求适应学校的学习生活，反映学生的心理与环境行为的崭新的建筑形式，是建筑师、规划师把握的关键。校园建筑的风格会给人以强烈的第一印象，更是代代已毕业了的学子们的永久回忆。校园建筑虽然有比较多的类型，有其各自的特色风格，但是也要注意加强建筑的群体效应，和谐中求统一，统一中再求变化
7、。在设计时要注重校园建筑的整体性，使其达到和谐统一的良好效果。高校校园由多个部分组成，不大可能在一期内，一气呵成，由一次投资而建成。由于方方面面的资金的制约，校园的建设往往周期很长，在规划设计中要做好分期实施的准备和余地。同时还需考虑到其在建设周期内的合理使用和多种变化的可能性，并且要避免在后期的施工中对正常的教学、科研有过分大的干扰。学校建筑特别是高等学校建筑往往被列为重点工程，学校及地方领导对其中建筑有着很高的期望值，最注重的就是“标志性”。在校园建筑中占有主要地位的教学楼，却由于其功能的限制很难能做到体现标志性这一点。所以相对来说功能限制较小的图书馆和行政楼就要体现标志性的要求。校园建筑
8、整体特色形成该校园建筑独特的标志性，而标志性建筑群体的形成最能突出校园建筑的风貌。主楼则是其标志性建筑群体的主导，占有重要的地位。 （文章来源：中国知网）外文原文出处：Ramble on architectural planning and designs of school buildingsIn the campus, functions and various demands tend to be diversified, we must find a way in the planning and designs of school buildings to adapt and mee
9、t the needs of the present, the future and even the world. 1、 The functions and orders of a school The school, especially high schools function is relatively complex. In order to achieve a reasonable design and good planning, we should give full consideration to the zoning in the school and order of
10、 teaching.Teaching area is the core of the campus, which is the most important part of the campus construction. All other functions in the school are carried out around it. The layout of teaching areas is mainly formed with two kinds of design methods. One is the method of cluster and the other is t
11、he method of network type. The method of cluster facilitates the departments to organize the teaching activities and management independently, which can adapt to the reality of long period and stage construction in the school buildings. “Courtyard is the traditional Chinese architectural layout. The
12、 courtyard surrounded with the buildings forms social public space, which is helpful for the communication of school. The planning development of the network is conducive to the future development of professional updating and the adjustment of scale in different departments and it can be adjusted fl
13、exibly in the use e of the real teaching. So it is a new campus planning and layout of the modern preference.it is conducive to the current domestic university colleges, combined departments and subjects to adjust the teaching reform trend.Dormitory area is an important part of the university campus
14、. No matter how much the social reform efforts are carried out in the management of students living areas, or the situation that it is not a matter of counting the bedplate enrollment as enrollment form to what extent. In the current situation, the new university campus still need good planning and
15、constructions of students living zone. Of course, we should consider how to facilitate the socialization of management, which is conducive to the formation of an independent management system, and we should make it possible for future development.2、Traffic organization in the schoolIt is very import
16、ant to embody the people-oriented ideology in the traffic organization in the higher school. According to the psychology and behavior of teachers and students, the architect should study various roads organization, form and levels to create a campus environment which meets the requirements of the ma
17、terial and spiritual campus users.Modern campus requires the demands that it is easy to contact, smooth, and convenient between buildings. Therefore, the design of various buildings adopts centralized layout. Construction group is agglomerate in order to minimize the distance between the floor and t
18、raffic routs. Each relatively independent region, tries to get through the segmentation boundaries. Indoor and outdoor are equipped with convenient corridor and channel, which make the building groups contact easily, improve and guarantee the traffic, communication, transport communication in the be
19、st efficiency in general.3、The environmental and sustainable development in the schools Influence of environment on human psychology, and feedback of the inflection of emotional effect will produce a substance. People who are in a good environment and in the spirit of encouraging mind will induce mo
20、re thinking and inspiration and sparks of wisdom. Although it is invisible in the role of teaching and research, it is certainly effective. Environmental design of modern campus should be based on the creation of beautiful and elegant culture of the campus environment in order to meet the peoples sp
21、iritual needs, to improve the training of people and foster noble spirits. Such as three-dimensional green, outdoor art, sculpture, and careful design of the stones, grass, water, flowers, stone lamp and small buildings. In this extremely elegant style, blending traditional and modern, to enjoy the
22、campus, how can the wisdom spark of teachers and students could not unrestrained.In the school, in addition to the normal teaching and scientific research, a lot of discussion and extensive communication is very necessary. All kinds of discussion and communication can be planned and organized. And i
23、t can also be no plan and no organization. But the latter is more effective on the participants and the effect is enormous. So we need to create a free and flexible communication that can adapt to and meet the teachers and students. Such as place various settings in the interior and exterior which s
24、uitable for teachers and students to stay and rest, and set places for conversation of space and corner, and place tables and chairs. A vending machine or small shops and coffee house can be placed in the conditional place. Such a good opportunity of communication is beneficial to mutual exchange, t
25、ransfer and collision of all kinds of information, intelligence and knowledge in order to the sublimation of the wisdom. The modern school building requires that the individual building structure system and internal space should be more universal, modular and flexible in order to adapt to the changi
26、ng requirements. To meet the needs of multi-function, the scale of classroom and laboratory should be large, and can be universal and interchangeable with large column frame structure system. The species are not so many, but they have the strong adaptability so as to ensure the needs of various teac
27、hing link of the multipurpose.In the planning and design of campus , the protection of the environment and sustainable development issues should also be paid attention to. To establish the campus that not only can meet the needs of contemporary people, but also have no harm to the future development
28、 of the campus. First of all, protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance of nature from beginning to end. The campus not only have adequate green space, but also promote the good development of ecological actively. Such as it is important to keep campus biodiversity, keep the water
29、clean, and promote the original mountain, wetland natural development. Make full use of sunlight, wind, rain and other natural resources to create a new ecological balance and artificial natural environment so that people can better enjoy the nature and return to nature.4、 Single design of campus bu
30、ildingCampus buildings should have the characteristics and quality of campus construction in order to adapt to school life and reflect the new architectural forms of psychological and environmental behavior of students. It is the key and grasp of architects and planners. Campus architectural style c
31、an give a person with a strong first impression, it is a permanent memory from generation to generation has graduated students Although there are many types of campus building which have their own characteristic styles, strengthening the group effect of buildings should be paid attention to in order to seek the unity harmony, and then seek changes in the unity. Integrity in the designs of the campus buildings should be paid attention to in order to achieve good resu
