1、 skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织
2、结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。9. Francis Bacon （1561-1626）, the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。（III）William
3、 Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Loves Labours Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历
4、史剧：亨利六世，理查三世，泰托斯.安东尼以及四部喜剧：错误的戏剧，维洛那二绅士，驯悍记和爱的徒劳。18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives
5、 of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：理查三世，约翰王，亨利四世，亨利五世以及六部喜剧仲夏夜之梦，威尼斯商人，无事生非，皆大欢喜，第十二夜，温莎的风流娘儿们，还有两部悲剧：罗密欧与朱丽叶和裘利斯.凯撒。19. Shakespeares third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet,
6、Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are Alls Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：哈姆雷特，奥赛罗，李尔王麦克白安东尼与克利奥佩特拉特罗伊勒斯与克利西达及克里奥拉那斯。两部喜剧是终成眷属和一报还一报。20. The last period of Shakespeares work includes hi
7、s principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winters Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：伯里克利辛白林冬天的故事与暴风雨。他最后两部剧是亨利八世与鲁克里斯受辱记。21. Shakespeares sonnets are the only direct expression of the poets own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成
8、果。22. Shakespeares history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic element
9、s are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。24. The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧罗密欧与朱丽叶，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。25. Shakespeares greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, Ki
10、ng Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：哈姆雷特奥赛罗李尔王麦克白26. “The Kings government must be carried on”but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”-但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。27. Thus,
11、 he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。28. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth,
12、and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来，没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or i
13、n language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。（VI）John Milton约翰.弥尔顿44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。45. Miltons literary achievements can be
14、 divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。46. Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作：失乐园复乐园和力士参孙。47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the“Fal
15、l of Man”. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人性。48. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。49. It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing
16、good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Miltons passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。51. In his life, Milton sho
17、ws himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。【英国】Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period（1660-1798）新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。2. The
18、eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason shou
19、ld be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品
20、种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johns
21、on.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。8. They believed that the artistic ideals should
22、be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。10. Neoclassicists had some fi
23、xed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）; the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to
24、, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. （套话）但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such
25、 as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。14. The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form-the modern English novel, which, con
26、trary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式-英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oli
27、ver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。16. From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classicliterary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confes
28、sional, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。17. Gothic novels-mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说-主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。18. Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的一个小小的建议被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。（III）Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.28. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。29. Robins
