1、高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破专题09非谓语动词教学案专题09 非谓语动词【2019年高考考纲解读】近三年高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；作宾语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；它们作某一成分时的特殊情况及特殊结构。在形式方面主要考查用一般式还是完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词。【重点、难点剖析】一、非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结
2、果，常为only to do)。We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)2现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。(2)过去分词
3、作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he d
4、idnt hear the sound.3独立主格结构作状语如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用with复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语。(1)名词/主格代词现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。The girl staring at him(As the girl stared at him)，he didnt know what to say.女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。(2)名词/主格代词过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。The problems solved(A
5、s the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。(3)名词/主格代词不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。He is going to make a model plane，some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。(4)with复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。With time passing by(time和pass之间为
6、主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past.随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(hands和tie之间为被动关系)behind his back.他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。 二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语1非谓语动词作主语(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)(3)I
7、t is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)2非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。3非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refu
8、se，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。动词接动名词作宾语接不定式作宾语remember记得曾做过某事记得要做某事forget忘记曾做过某事忘记要做某事try尝试做某事努力做某事regret对做过的事表示后悔对要做的事表示
9、遗憾mean意味着做某事企图(打算)做某事cant help禁不住做某事不能帮助做某事go on继续做未完成的事做完一件事后，接着做另一件事stop中断正在做的事中断正在做的事，去做别的事【特别提醒】1动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。Do you mind my/me reading your paper?你介意我看你的考卷吗？2作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。 完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在doing/to do前加not。(1)I regret not having taken her advi
10、ce.(not须放在having前)我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。(2)They couldnt stand being treated like that.他们不能忍受被那样对待。(3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。三、非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)I have something important
11、 to say.(动宾关系)He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)2动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。a reading room( a room for reading)3现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。The question being discussed (which is being discussed) now is important.4过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。The question discussed(which was discussed) yesterday is impor
12、tant.四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语1advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常用不定式作补语。如：Tell the children not to play on the street.The police warned us not to go out at night.2make/let/have等使役动词后面用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to的不定式。如：They make the students do too muc
13、h homework every day.The students are made to do too much homework every day.3感官动词后面可用不带to的不定式或分词作补语。从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。如：I saw him cross the street.我看到他穿过了大街。I saw him crossing the street.我看到他正在穿过大街。I saw him surrounded by a group of s
14、tudents.我看到一群学生围着他。五、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式1非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。He pretended not to see me.I regret not following his advice.Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.2不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。The boy pretended to be working hard.当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。I happened to
15、 have seen the film.当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。The patient asked to be operated on at once.3动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。We remembered having seen the film.He came to the party without being invited.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.His not knowing English troub
16、led him a lot.4现在分词的完成式和被动式。当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。Having done his homework，he played basketball.当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。The problem being discussed is very important.Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.【题型示例】题型一、辨别谓语与非谓语动词【例1】(2018全国)You dont have to run fas
17、t or for long (1) (see) the benefit.You may drink，smoke，be overweight and still reduce your risk of (2) (die) early by running.【变式探究】 Before you quit your job, _(consider) how your family would feel about your decision.【答案】consider【解析】考查祈使句。句意：你在放弃工作之前，考虑一下你的家人对你的决定的看法。分析句子结构可知，before引导的是时间状语从句，其后是主
18、句，主句中没有出现主语，说明这是一个祈使句，应用动词原形consider。【举一反三】Let those in need _(understand) that we will go all out to help them.【答案】understand【变式探究】_ it with me should be a good choice.Trust me!AWhen left BLeaveCIf you leave DLeaving【答案】D【解析】句意：把他留给我应该是一个好选择。 相信我。 leaving是动名词作主语。【变式探究】 Please do me a favor_ my frie
19、nd Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight.Ato invite Binviting Cinvite Dinvited 【答案】C【解析】该题目把祈使句，非谓语动词以及破折号的作用综合到一起来进行考查。句意：请帮我个忙邀请我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7点半到青年剧院。破折号后是一个祈使句。【特别提醒】谓语：谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。 非谓语：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。题型二、非谓语动词做主语、宾语【例2】(2018全国)I quickly lo
20、wer myself，ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.答案looking解析avoid后接动名词作宾语。avoid doing sth.避免做某事。【变式探究】(2017全国卷)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by _ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.【解析】考查动词ing作介词宾语。在介
21、词about，before，after，for，with，by等之后作宾语应该用动词ing形式，故用eating。【答案】eating【变式探究】(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, _(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.【答案】laying【变式探究】(2016新课标，67)My ambassadorial duties will include _(introduce)British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Ch
22、engdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.【答案】introducing【解析】句意：我的大使职责将包括把英国参观者介绍给成都的120多只大熊猫及其他一些在碧峰峡雾山中一个研究中心里的熊猫们。include为及物动词，后面应用动名词形式作宾语。【举一反三】(2015安徽，27改编)_(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. 立意与
23、点拨：设空处位于句首，考虑句中可能缺少主语或状语，再分析句子成分，句中已有谓语动词will be，句中缺少的是主语，再根据句意可知应用动名词形式。 答案：Ignoring句意为：忽视这两种研究结果的差异将是你所犯的最严重错误之一。分析句子结构可知，句子的谓语部分是will be，one of the worst mistakes是表语，you make是省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰mistakes。很显然，_ the difference between the two research findings是主语部分，结合语境可知设空处用动名词作主语。答案为Ignoring。【变式探究】 (20
24、15课标全国，64)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without_(use)electric equipment. 立意与点拨：空格前有介词without，提示词为use，可知此处应填动名词形式作宾语。 答案：using句意为：除了朴素之美外，令人赞叹的是这些土坯房具有不使用电气设备就能自动进行空气调节的能力。介词without后面用名词或动名词作宾语，故填using。【变式探究】Sho
25、rtly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _(reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look.【答案】being reduced【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在遭遇非常严重的地震变成废墟之后不久，那个城市就呈现出了崭新的面貌。and为并列连词，连接after后的两个宾语suffering from.和being reduced to . 。be reduced to (doing) sth.使沦为，固定结构。 【举一反三】I remembered _(lock) the door befor
26、e I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.【答案】to lock【变式探究】I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.Aworking; stopping Bto work；stoppingCworking；to stop Dto work；to stop 【答案】 C【解析】stand在这里表示“忍受”，后面要求用动名词作宾语，而“refuse”要用不定式作宾语。【变式探究】 Isnt it t
27、ime you got down to _ the papers?Amark Bbe markedCbeing marked Dmarking 【答案】D【解析】“got down to”中的“to”是介词，因而要用动名词作宾语，而动名词“marking”与其逻辑主语“you”是主动关系。【特别提醒】非谓语作主语、宾语的重点(1)it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。I think it important for us to learn English very
28、 well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。(2)it作形式主语使用动名词的句型It is no use/no good/uselessdoing sth It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is fun (a great pleasure, a waste of time) doing sth It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。题型三、非谓语动词做表语【例3】(2017全国卷)They are required _(process) the food that we eat，to recover fr
29、om injury and for several other bodily functions.【解析】分析句子结构可知，此处考查be required to do sth.的固定用法。考生要善于分析句子结构，再结合自己的知识储备才能快速准确地确定答案。【答案】to process 【变式探究】(2016浙江，1)Are you sure youre ready for the test?No problem.Im well _(prepare)for it.【答案】prepared【解析】句意：你确定你准备好考试了吗？没问题。我已经做好准备了。I作主语，be动词后要接动词的ed形式充当表语
30、。【举一反三】We got a little _(sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didnt mind. 立意与点拨：给出的提示词为动词，并且句中也有了谓语动词got，考虑设空处应用非谓语动词形式；再分析sunburn与其逻辑主语we的关系可判断应用过去分词形式。 答案：sunburned或sunburnt本题考查“get过去分词”表示状态。got在该题中为连系动词，且sunburn与we之间为动宾关系，故应用过去分词作表语。因此，答案为sunburned或sunburnt。【变式探究】The engine just wont start. Something seems _(go) wrong with it.【答案】to have gone【举一反三】Tom sounds very much _(interest) in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it.【答案】interested【解析】“sound”是连系动词，应使用形容词化的分词作表语。“interest”的现在分词表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人感兴趣的”；过去分词表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感兴趣的”。【变式探究】Tom sounds v
