1、Mummy of Hornedjitef木乃伊霍尼杰提大英博物馆BBC纪录片001:Mummy of Hornedjitef木乃伊霍尼杰提Abstract 内容摘要:Mummy of Hornedjitef (third century BC). A wooden coffin from Thebes, Egypt木乃伊霍尼杰提夫(Hornedjitef)(公元前3世纪)，木制棺椁，发现于古埃及底比斯城(Thebes)MP3 文本：The sound of the past is in fact the sound of a ghost, its a haunting magnetic pul
2、se -which is all thats left of a mighty star that we can still hear today, thanks to the Centre for Astrophysics at Jodrell Bank.远古的声音实际上是幽灵的声音，那是挥之不去的磁脉冲波一个巨大的恒星仅存的残余。感谢坐落于周德尔堤(Jodrell Bank)的天体物理学研究中心，我们今天依然能够听到这个磁波。The explosion that killed this star was so intense, that it was seen in broad dayli
3、ght across Europe, North America and China in the summer of the year 1054; at least thats what the year was called in Europe. So what was our world up to, when men and women, however they counted the years, were gazing up to the heavens at this dying star, which they could see and we can still hear?
4、时值1054年的夏天，至少欧洲纪年法如是说，导致这颗恒星陨落的爆炸如此剧烈，以至于横跨欧洲、北美以及中国的居民在光天化日下见证了这一幕。这颗恒星他们看得到，我们听得到，那么，忽略各种纪年方式，当那些古人仰视苍穹中这颗即将陨落的恒星时，我们的世界何去何从?What were they doing, making, thinking? Well, a thousand years ago in America, pyramids are taking shape on the Mississippi river; the worlds first bank notes are circulatin
5、g in China; a magnificent Baghdad is the largest city in the world; in West Africa, Ghana rules a vast empire and, on a chilly island in northern Europe, theres a nasty surprise on the horizon for a king called Harold.他们在从事什么，制作什么，思考什么?1000年前，美洲密西西比河上金字塔日将成形，在中国世界上首批纸币开始流通，雄伟的巴格达城在世界上首屈一指，西非的加纳统治着泱泱
6、帝国，欧洲一个冰冷的小岛上正酝酿着一次针对哈罗德(Harold)国王的卑鄙奇袭。In these programmes, Im travelling back in time and across the globe, to see how we humans, over two million years, have shaped our world, and been shaped by it. And Im going to tell this story exclusively through the things that humans have made . all sorts o
7、f things, carefully designed and then either admired and preserved or used, broken and thrown away.在这一系列节目中，我将追溯时光，纵横全球，探索200多万年来我们人类如何塑造世界并为世界所塑造。我将仅仅通过各种各样精心打造的“人造物”或为人敬仰、保存，或为人使用、损坏、丢弃，来讲述这个故事。Ive chosen just a hundred objects from different points on our journey -from a cooking pot to a golden g
8、alleon, from a Stone Age tool to a credit card, and in each programme Im going to be talking about one object from the British Museums collection.在这次时空之旅中，我从不同的点上选取了正好100件物品从一个烹饪罐到一艘金帆船，或从一个石器时代的工具到一张现代的信用卡。每期节目中，我将谈论大英博物馆馆藏中的一件展品。When I see it, I immediately think of the mastery of technology and a
9、rt, the welding of the two . I just thought it was beautiful to look at, that it made me feel that it was used, and used again and again . Its a beautiful object, and its fascinating, of course, because its probably quite accurate . Holding this I can feel what it was like to be out on the African s
10、avannahs .“看见它，我便想到精湛的技术和圆熟的艺术，以及二者的紧密结合”“我就是觉得它看上去很美，让我联想到它曾被人们反反复复使用”“这件展品很精美，也很迷人，当然啦，因为它可能相当精确”“握着它时，我仿佛感受到了非洲大草原上的野外生活”We will get to the very beginning of human history, but Im not going to start there because I want to begin with the mummies -which is where I began when I first came through t
11、hese doors into the British Museum in 1954 at the age of eight, and I think thats where most people begin when they first visit a museum.我们以后会回到初民时期，但是我的故事并不始于彼时，因为我打算先讲述木乃伊1954年八岁的我第一次穿越大英博物馆的重门，首先映入眼帘的便是那些木乃伊，它们是我探索世界史的开端。我猜测多数访客的博物馆之行也始于此处。Its a pretty safe bet that most of the children you can h
12、ear round about me are also headed for the Egyptian mummies. What fascinated me then was the mummies themselves, the thrilling gruesome thought of the dead bodies, but Im now much more interested in the mummy cases - and Ive chosen one particular mummy case for this opening programme, because it car
13、ries all the different kinds of messages across the millennia, signals from the past if you like, that things can communicate to us, and that Im going to be looking for in all the objects in this series.我敢说你现在听到的我身边这些孩子也是冲着木乃伊去的。当时我着迷的是那些木乃伊本身，它们激起了我对死尸既兴奋又恐惧的想象，但现在我对这些木乃伊的案例更感兴趣。我特别为首期节目选择了这一典型的木乃伊
14、案例，因为它携带了“人造物”所能传递的穿越千载的远古音信。在这一系列节目中，我将在这些物品中探求这些音信。Telling history through things, whether its a mummys coffin or a credit card, is what museums are for and, because the British Museum has collected things from all over the globe, its not a bad place to try to tell a world history. Of course it ca
15、n only be a history of the world, not the history.通过如木乃伊棺材或信用卡这样的物品讲述历史，是所有博物馆的目标和功能。大英博物馆是用来复述世界简史的一个不错的选择，因为它搜集了世界各地的物品。当然，它所能讲述的只是世界“简史”，而非世界“历史”。When people come to the museum, they choose their own objects and make their own journey round the world and through time, but I think what they will f
16、ind, is that their own histories quickly intersect with everybody elses -and when that happens, you no longer have a history of a particular people or nation, but a story of endless connections. Nobody has thought more deeply about this than the Indian economist and Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen:人们
17、造访博物馆时，会依据个人喜好浏览展品，制定自己的时空之旅。但我想，人们会发现，其本族历史旋即与外族史纵横交错，此时，历史已经不再局限于某个民族或国家，而是一个无限延伸、环环相扣的故事。关于这点，印度经济学家、诺贝尔奖得主阿玛蒂亚森(Amartya Sen)的认识最为深刻：I think what is really very important to recognise is that, when we look at the history of the world, were not looking at the history of different civilisations tru
18、ncated and separated from each other. Theyve a huge amount of contact with each other, there is a kind of inter-connectedness.“我认为认识到这点非常重要，即纵观世界历史，我们看到的并非各大文化彼此隔绝分离的历史。各种文化之间交流丰富，存在着某种内在联系。So Ive always felt, not to think of the history of the world as a history of civilisations, but as a history o
19、f world civilisations evolving in often similar, often diverse ways, always interacting with each other. And this is a very different view from the clash of civilisations to which we were exposed some years ago, as a way to understand enmity in the world. Enmity has not been the general condition of
20、 the relationship between people across the world in history.所以我始终认为，不应把世界历史视为各种文化的简单结合体，而应是其相互作用，遵循相似又相异的轨道不断进化的历史。我的观点很大程度上背离了几年前提出的文化冲突论。文化冲突是我们理解世界敌对状态的一种方法，但纵观世界历史，这种状态并非人类关系的主流。”Most of us I think, if we come back to a museum that we visited as a child, have the sense that weve changed enormou
21、sly, while the things have remained serenely the same, but of course they havent. Thanks to constant research and to new scientific techniques, what we can know about them is constantly growing. Lets look at one of the most impressive mummy cases in the British Museum. It was made around 240 BC for
22、a high-ranking Egyptian priest called Hornedjitef.回到童年时代参观过的博物馆，我们大多会感慨物是人非。事实上，随着持续的研究和科技的进步，那些展品也发生了变化，我们对它们的了解不断增长。让我们来看看大英博物馆木乃伊展品中最令人印象深刻的那件吧。它大约制作于公元前240年，主人是一位名为霍尼杰提夫(Hornedjitef)的埃及高级牧师。Theres a massive black outer case in the shape of a human body, theres an elaborately decorated inner case
23、, and then the mummy itself. Everything we know about Hornedjitef, we know from this group of things. He is his own document if you like, and its a document that continues to give up its secrets. My colleague, John Taylor, has been researching the mummies in the British Museum for over 20 years - I
24、asked him what we have learnt about Hornedjitef since he came to the British Museum:它包括一个巨大的黑色人形棺套，一个精心装饰的内棺，以及木乃伊本身。我们对霍尼杰提夫(Hornedjitef)的了解均来自这套物品。你可以说霍尼杰提夫(Hornedjitef)就是他自己的一部历史文献，不断地泄露着自己的秘密。我的同事约翰泰勒(John Taylor)从事博物馆的木乃伊研究已逾20年，我询问他自霍尼杰提夫(Hornedjitef)被移驾到博物馆以来，我们了解到了哪些知识：When he arrived at the
25、 Museum in 1835, the hieroglyphic script had only just been deciphered, so the first step forward was to read all the inscriptions on his coffins, which told us who he was, what his job was, and something about the religious background that he knew.“1835年Hornedjitef来到博物馆时，象形文字刚刚破译，所以第一步就是阅读棺椁上记录着他身份
26、、职位以及宗教信仰的文字。”He was a priest in the Temple of Karnak around 250 BC. Like all Egyptians, he believed that if his body was preserved, he would live beyond death, but before reaching the afterlife, he would have to undertake a hazardous journey, for which he needed to prepare with the utmost care.公元前2
27、50年左右，霍尼杰提夫(Hornedjitef)是卡纳克(Karnak)神庙的一位牧师。像他的同胞一样，他相信如果尸体保存下来，他将超越死亡，但在转世前，他必须经历一段危机四伏的长途跋涉，因此他小心翼翼地做好了准备工作。So he took with him charms, amulets and spells for every eventuality. On the lid of his inner coffin, he even had painted a map of the heavens stretched out above him as an aid to navigation
28、. Hornedjitef has, in fact, commissioned his own personal firmament and time-machine. This elaborate coffin will let him travel through both time and space, and all this meticulous preparation on his part has allowed us to travel in the opposite direction, back to him and to his world.他随身携带着吉祥物、护身符和
29、咒语以防不测，甚至绘制了一幅蔓延在内棺棺盖上的天体图作为指引。事实上，他已经委托技师制作了自己的时空机器。他精雕细琢的棺材将引领他穿越时空，而他一丝不苟的准备将带领我们追溯时光，故地重游。In the last 20 years, there have been huge steps forward in ways of gathering information. So were now looking at the condition of the bodies non-invasively, just by scanning them. We can examine the teeth
30、in great detail, look at the wear and the dental disease that they suffered from, we can look at the bones, we can see now that Hornedjitef had arthritis in his back which must have been very painful for him. (John Taylor)“近20年，搜集信息的技巧突飞猛进。现在我们仅利用扫描这种平和的方式就可以观察尸体的状况。我们能够非常细致地检查牙齿的磨损情况和疾病，我们还能看到骨骼。我们
31、发现霍尼杰提夫(Hornedjitef)患有脊椎疾病，他当时一定觉得很疼。”约翰泰勒(John Taylor)But the scientific advances of the last couple of decades have allowed us to find out about a great deal more than Hornedjitefs bad back. If the words on his coffin tell us about his place in society and what that society believed about life aft
32、er death, the new scientific techniques let us go one stage further - to analyse the materials with which mummies and coffins were made, and to see how Egypt was connected to the world round about it.然而，近几十年的科学进展允许我们发现比霍尼杰提夫(Hornedjitef)的脊椎疾病更有价值的东西。棺材上的文字告诉我们他的社会地位和当时的社会信仰，新科技则使我们能进一步分析制作木乃伊和棺材的原材料以及埃及和周边世界的联系。But we can also look at substances that are being used in mummification, we can test them, we can look at the chemical composition of them to find out what materials were being used - maybe now we can look at
