1、超详细中英图文对照汽车技术解析+机械专业英语词汇超详细中英图文对照汽车技术解析+机械专业英语词汇CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS1.1 Principal Components 主要构成零部件Todays average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipme
2、nt. 现在，一般汽车由大约一万五千多个独立的零部件组成。这些部件分为四大类，即发动机（引擎系统），车身，底盘和电气设备。1.2 Engine 发动机/引擎系统The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of by a charging circuit. This circuit con
3、sists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engines mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.电气设备为汽车点火、喇叭、车灯、发热器和启动器提供电力。通过循环充电来维持电量。New WordsPrincipal component 主要部件category 种类，类型body 车身chassis 底盘layout 布置powe
4、r unit 动力装置internal combustion engine 内燃机cylinder 汽缸gasoline 汽油spark 火花ignition 点燃，点火diesel 柴油机compression 压缩shaft 轴transmission 传动系sheet metal 金属板shell 外壳hood （发动机）罩trunk deck 行李舱盖cargo 货物styling 样式assembly 总成，装配suspension 悬挂，悬置shock 冲击steering 转向，操纵brake 刹车，制动器clutch 离合器gearbox 变速器driveshaft 传动轴fi
5、nal drive 主减速器，后桥differential 差速器slow down （使）慢下来，减速horn 喇叭starter 起动机charge 充电alternator 交流发电机Review Questions 1. List the main parts of an automobile?2. What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?3. Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the c
6、hassis?4. Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 内燃发动机2.1 principle of operation 发动机的工作原理/操作原理2.1.1 Engine and power 发动机与能量 Engine is used to produce power. 发动机产生动能。The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled ra
7、te. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber, the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. 汽油燃料通过受控速度的燃烧讲自身的化学能转化为热能。这个过程称作燃烧。如果发动机的内燃在燃料室中发上，发动机被称作内燃发
8、动机。如果内燃发生在汽缸外，发动机则被称作外燃发动机。 Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. 汽车的发动机是内燃发动机。Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The
9、pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 燃烧汽缸中释放的热能将汽缸内的内燃其他温度升高。气体温度的升高导致其他压强增大。汽缸内的压强不断产生以用于活塞头产生可用的机械动力，随后转变成为有用的机械动能。2.1.2 Engine Terms 发动机术语 Linking the piston
10、by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. 连动杆将汽缸活塞与机轴联接起来，这种连接促使气体The power stroke “uses up” the gas, so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty
11、 of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. 上止点 BDC(Botto
12、m Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. 下止点 Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. 冲程 Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. 内孔（汽缸的内直径） Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC. 活塞排量 Eng
13、ine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. 发动机容积 Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. 汽缸余隙容积 Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)(clear
14、ance vol) 压缩率 Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank. 二冲程曲柄旋转一圈作功一次。 Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank.四冲程-曲柄旋转两圈作功一次。2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplie
15、d in ignition, which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy. The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.The operating strokes are : This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and ai
16、r into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created. During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tigh
17、tly closed.Compression strokeAs the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.Power strokeJust before the pisto
18、n reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid
19、expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.Exhaust strokeJust before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, b
20、urned gases out through the open exhaust valve.Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immedia
21、tely.2.1.4 Engine Overall Mechanics The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cool
22、ing system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later. NEW WORDPiston 活塞Connecting rod 连杆Crankshaft 曲轴Power stoke 活塞行程Expel 排出Valve 气阀inlet(intake) valve 进气阀exhaust valve 排气阀term 术语TDC 上止点BDC 下止点Bore 缸径swept vol
23、ume 有效容积engine capacity 发动机排量clearance volume 余隙容积,燃烧室容积compression ratio 压缩比revolution 旋转,转数every other 每隔一个cycle 循环spread over 分布,遍及intake stroke 进气行程 compression stroke 压缩行程knock 敲缸,敲打exhaust stroke 排气行程engine block 发动机缸体lubrication 润滑2.2 Engine Block and Cylinder Head2.2.1 Engine BlockThe engine
24、 block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on ove
25、rhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. H
26、owever, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.2.2.2 Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a
27、 roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engines combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs a
28、nd the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from
29、either cast iron or aluminum alloy.2.2.3 GasketThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gaske
30、t, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.2.2.4 Oil Pan or SumpThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called th
31、e crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.New Wordsengine block 缸体cylinder head 气缸盖fasten 使固定water jacket 水套oil gallery 油道camshaft 凸轮轴overhead-cam(OHC) 顶置凸轮gray iron 灰铸铁alloy 合金nickel 镍chromium 铬casting 铸件head cover 汽缸盖罩intake manifold 进气总管distributor 分电器oil pan 油底壳al
