1、名词和介词 名词和介词英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词。及物动词：字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），并且可直接跟宾语。如see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy. 不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了，如listen to,look at. 如：look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look
2、! She is singing. Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语) look at 看.+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词，作宾语) 介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的虚词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。并且在定语从句“介词+whom/which”的结构中，不能用that 代替who/which。She is a good student from who we sh
3、ould learn. 介词分为时间介词.地点位置方向介词.方式介词.原因介词和其他介词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一，特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强，可以用来表示各种不同的意思。英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的。介词在句中一般不重读表示地点位置的介词 1)at ,in, on, to，for at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在附近，旁边” in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在上面”。 to 表示在范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到” 2)above, over, on 在上 above 指在上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；
4、over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在下面 under表示在正下方 below表示在下，不一定在正下方 There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 4)in front frantof, in t
5、he front of在前面 in front of意思是“在前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在的后面）。 There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在.的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of（在范围内的后部）。 There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。 Our teacher stands in the front of the c
6、lassroom. 我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里) 5）beside，behind beside 表示在旁边 behind 表示在后面编辑本段2.表示时间的介词 1)in , on，at 在时 in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。 如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in ones life , in ones thirties等。 on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Mond
7、ay, on New Years Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of , at the age of , at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。 注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一
8、律不用介词。如：We meet every day. 2)in, after 在之后 “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后； “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后； “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。 3)from, since 自从 from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久； since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。since表示自（某具体时间）以来，常用作完成时态谓语 的时间状语。 since liberation（1980）自从解放（1980年）以来 They have been close friends since ch
9、ildhood 他们从小就是好朋友。 （1）since the war是指自从战争结束以来，若指自从战争开始以来，须说since the beginning of the war。 （2）不要将since与after混淆。 比较：He has worked here since 1965（指一段时间，强调时间段）自从1965年以来， 他一直在这儿工作。 He began to work here after 1965 （指一点时间，强调时间点）从1965年以后，他开始在这儿工作。 4)after, behind 在之后 after主要用于表示时间； behind主要用于表示位置。 时间名词前介
10、词用法口诀 年前周前要用in 具体日子却要用on 遇到几号要用on 上午下午又是in 要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚 午夜黄昏用at 黎明用它也不错 at用在时分前 说“差”可要用上to 说过要用past编辑本段3.表示运动方向的介词： across, through 通过，穿过 across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关，为二维 through穿过,即从物体内部穿过，与in有关，为三维。编辑本段4.表示“在之间”的介词： 表示“在之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词，如in front of ，behind ，on， in， near， under， up between, amon
11、g between指在两个人或两个事物之间； among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。编辑本段5.表示其他意义的介词 1)on ,about 关于 on 表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读； about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式。 2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具 by 以方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具； with 表示用 工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段； in 表示用方式，用语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等； 3)except, besides 除了 except 除之外，不包括在内； besides 除之外，包括在内。 Exce
12、pt for Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去) Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了) 练习题： 1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. a little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _
13、during the war.a. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes3.The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation4.Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities.a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil5.In t
14、he view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many6.The large houses are being painted, but _.a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense7.The room was small and contained far too _.a. a.much new furniture c.
15、much new furnituresb. b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.a. rooms number b. room number c. rooms numbers d. room numbers9Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself. a great manym
16、any c. mucha great deal b. a great deal ofmuch d. manya great many10.She didnt know _ he had been given.a. how many information c. how many informationsb. the number of information d. how much information11.He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-armb. com
17、rades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm12.All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_.a. growns-ups c. growns-upb. grown-up d. grown-ups14.The police investigated those _ about the accident.a
18、. stander-by c. standers-byb. stander-bys d. standers-bys15.The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp.a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _ made by Linda lately.a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news re
19、els17.Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. a. elder sister b. elder sisters c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress18.All the people at the conference are _. a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb.mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers19.Professor Mackay told us that _ of lea
20、d are its softness and its resistance.a. some property c. propertiesb. some properties d. property20.Physics _ with matter and motion.a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are21.He has written several books, but his last works _ well known among his friends.a. have b. have been c. is d. are 22.After he che
21、cked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.a. father-in-laws c. fathers-in-lawb. father-in-law d. fathers-in-laws23.He told me _ would come to his birthday party.a. many Jack friends c. many Jacks friendb. Jacks many friends d. many friends of Jacks24.I had my hair cut at the
22、_ around the corner.a.barber b. barbers c. barbers d. barbers25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.a. Peter and Helens c. Peter and Helenb. Peter and Helens d. Peters and Helens26._ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the suns energy.a. The earths surface c. The surface
23、of earthb. The surface earth d. The earth surface27.Numerous materials are available to _.a. today of designers c. todays of designersb. todays designers d. today designers28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Dont you know he is an old friend of _?a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brothers d. my
24、 brothers friend29._ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.a. This Johns old friend c. Thats Jahns old friendb. This old friend of John d. This old friend of Johns30._ is too much for a little boy to carry.a.A bikes weight c. The weight of a bikeb.The weights of a bike d.
25、 Biles weight31.Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday.a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were _ left.a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats33._ travels faster when th
26、e zip code is indicated on the envelope.a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail34.The Department purchased _ to improve the working conditions there.a. a new equipment c. new equipments b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments35.The boy tried hard but there has b
27、een _ in his work.a. little improvement c. many improvementsb. a little improvement d. few improvements36.Todays modern TV cameras require _ light as compared with the earlier models.a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little37.No country can afford to neglect _.a. an education b. edu
28、cations c. education d. the education38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of _.a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight39._ is only surpassed by that of monkeys and apes. a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogsb. The dogs whose intelligen
29、ce d. The dogs being intelligent40.All _ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.a. business student b. businesss students c. business students d. businesss student41._ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes callb. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call42.The _ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.a. publics chief concern c. chief public concernb. public chief concern d. chief concern of public
