1、助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来： a. 表示时态，例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。 b. 表示语态，例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，例如：Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？ d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如：Do come to the party
2、 tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。最常用的助动词有： 1. do, does, did 2.be am, is are/ was, were3.have, has, had 4. will, shall助动词be的用法1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。2）be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：The window was bro
3、ken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如： He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshpersons.我们要教新生。说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令，例如：You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this after
4、noon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见，例如：How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他？Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢？d. 表示相约、商定，例如：We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。助动词have的用法1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.上月
5、未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。C. 连系动词 连系动词+表语（形容词，名词）=名词性合成谓语1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续
6、系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems （to be） very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有看起来 look 听起来sound 闻起来smell 尝起来tast
7、e 摸起来feel 搭配（1）+形容词（不用副词）（ 2 ）like+名词eg. 1. Bill said that the mixture tasted_（terrible,terribly）.2.The doctor said that the baby didnt look_（healthy, healthily）.3.The gas from the bottle smelled very_（strange, strangely）.4.This kind of cloth feels quite_（soft, softly）.5.Your idea sounds_（nice, nice
8、ly）.例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如：The
9、rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）D. 情态动词1. can, coulda. 能力= be able to eg.I can swim.表示过去某具体的动作，有时还表示需要克服外部困难与障碍,用be able to 不用could:Few people _（A）_escape from the fire which happened last night.A. were able to B.
10、could The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _（C）_get out. A.had to B.would C.was able to D.could b.许可（用于否定句，疑问句，条件从句）Can（=May） I use your pen?c.可能性 could可能（用于虚拟语气） cant一定不（用于推测） eg. He cant be Mr Li. 考题回顾1.Michael _ be a policeman, for hes much too short.A.neednt B.cant C.shoul
11、d D.may2.Mr Bush is on time for everything. How _ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?（2001上海）A.can B.should C.may D.must3.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York.-Oh, did you? You _ with Barbara.（NMET98）A.could have stayed B.could stayC.would stay D.must have stayed4.My sister met him at
12、 the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _ your lecture.（2000上海）A.couldnt have attended B.neednt have attendedC.mustnt have attended D.shouldn5.If I _ go with you, I should feel very glad.A.can B.couldC.should D.may（Key:BAAAB）2. may, mighta.许可 表示可能性（may的可能性大，might的可能性小）You may go home.a. 可能性 表示
13、能力（相当于can）b. 可以表示允许、推测 eg. 1.He may come or may not.-（他可能来也可能不来。2. Sit here, so that I may/can see your face more clearly.3. -Why hasnt he come? - He may have been hurt.（他可能受伤了。4. -May I come in?-Yes,you may.5. The sky is cloudy. Youd better take an umbrella with you. It_this afternnon. A.might rain
14、 B.may rain C.may have rained C.might have rained1.Sorry Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.（2000春季）A.might B.should C.can D.will2.Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.（NMET93）A.must B.may C.can D.will3.He _ you more help, even though he was
15、very busy.A.might have given B.might giveC.may have given D.may give4.If I had time, I _ go with you.A.can B.will C.may D.might5.I thought you _ like something to read, so I have brought you some books.A.may B.might C.could D.mustABADB）d.maybe 与may be 的区别 maybe可能 在句中作状语； may be可能是 在句中作谓语eg. Maybe he
16、 has gone to Beijing. He may be from Beijing.3. must与 have to的不同用法（1）must强调主观意志，意为“必须”；指主观上认为应该做某事；（2）have to强调客观，表示职责和义务，“不得不”指在客观条件下必须去做某事，多是被动的，在口语中常用have got to替代；其过去式为had to或had got to；可用于多种时态，否定式为dont have to，构成疑问句时，要借助do。A.-Must we take a bus?-No, you neednt/dont have to.You can walk from her
17、e.B.I told her that she must make a decision.C.When I was your age, I had to get up at 5:00 evry morning.D.You have to finish your homework first. must的三个否定式：mustnt不准neednt不必=dont have tocant 一定不 eg. 1.Must we hand it in now? No, you neednt.2.The books mustnt be taken out of the reading room.3.He ca
18、nt be our headmaster.1.I didnt hear the phone. I _ asleep.A.must be B.must have been C.should be D.should have been2.Johnny, you _ play with the knife, you _ hurt yourself.（NMET96）A.wont; cant B.mustn may C.shouldn must D.can shouldnt3.Put on more clothes. You _ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
19、A.can B.could C.would D.must4.I _ do all the difficult work for you.A.havent got to B.not have go to C.have got not to D.have got to not5.You _ walk for miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.A.must B.needC.may D.shouldBBDAA）4. need/ dare 既可以作情态动词，也可以作实义动词，在使用时要特别注意 情态动词 实义动词 肯定 need
20、/dare do need/dare to do 否定 neednt/darent do dont need/dare to do 疑问 Need/Dare you do。？ Do you need/dare to do? 在否定句，疑问句中need,dare往往用作情态动词.need作情态动词使用时，不能用于肯定句中;dare作实义动词使用时，在否定句中，它后面的不定式符号to可有可无.改正下列句中的错误：A.I need buy an English-Chinese dictionary.（need to buy）B.A rich man neednt to worry about his
21、 next meal.（neednt worry）C.The gorl doesnt dare going out alone at night.（go）D.I wonder how he dare say that at that time.（dared） 注意：need用作实义动词的特殊用法: Sth +need+doing/ to be done.Eg. My bike needs repairing/ to be repaired.5. shall, should /ought to应该，应当 指现在应该承担的责任或义务1）.should表示应该、应当，指有责任或义务做某事；后面接不定
22、式完成式时，表示过去应该做而实际上没有做的动作；shouldnt后面接不定式完成式时，表示过去不应该做而实际上已经做了的动作；后面接不定式的进行式（be+V-ing）时，表示应该正在；should在肯定句中表示根据常规推测，某事应该发生；should用于条件状语从句的句首时，常省略if；should用于宾语从句中，表示虚拟语气，也可以省略。2）.ought to表示时，与should同义，但语气较强，强调有义务和必要做某事；如果后面接不定式的完成式，表示过去该做而未做的事；ought to的否定式是ought not to （=oughtnt to），后面接不定式的完成式，表示过去不该做而已做
23、了的事，也可以用来责备某人没有遵守规定。（1） These machines ought to/should be cleaned once a day.（2） We oughtnt to/shouldnt waste our time now, for were in Senior Three. Do you think so?Shall I / we do sth?表示建议Shall we go out for a walk?表示“建议”的句型还有：What/How about doing?Why dont you do?/Why not do?Should的特殊用法: should /o
24、ught to have done 本来应该做sth, need have done 本来需要做sth Eg.Tom failed in the exam. He should have worked harder.1.There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You _ come, but why didnt you?A.must have B.should C.need have D.ought to have2.Its nearly seven oclock. Jack _ be here at any moment.（NMET95）A.mu
25、st B.need C.should D.can3.-When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.-They _ be ready by 12:00.（NMETA.can B.should C.might D.need4. _ it rain tomorrow, you would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.A.Where B.Should C.Would D.Will5.One ought _ for what one hasnt done.A
26、.not to be punished B.to not be punished C.to not punished D.not be punishedDCBBA）6.will, would 愿意，肯;偏要 表示愿望和意志，有时表示礼貌的请求 eg. We will help you if you ask us to. Will/would you please do sth? Would you please show the way to the zoo? It is dangerous, but he will play in the middle of the street.实例. I
27、f you _ stop smoking , you can only expect to have a bad cough . A. wont B. would not C. do not D. can not答案是A项。will除了用作表示将来时的助动词外，还可用作情态动词来强调愿意或不愿意。又如：If you will /would wait a moment , I will fetch the money . （如果你肯/愿意稍等片刻，我就把钱取来。）但是在表示不肯或不愿意时，则只能使用wont，不能使用would not。7. would的用法：1） 用于提出提议或邀请例：Would you like to change a seat? Its warm
