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    初中英语基础知识语法知识梳理文档格式.docx

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    初中英语基础知识语法知识梳理文档格式.docx

    1、milk 牛奶 ice 冰 idea想法 France法国有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。fish鱼肉(不可数)fish鱼类(可数)chicken鸡肉(不可数)chicken小鸡(可数)3. 可数名词复数形式的构成规则是什么?(1) 名词复数形式构成的基本规则:情况变法例词一般情况加-sgirl-girls book -books以sshxch 结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watches以“辅音字母+ y结尾的词变y 为 i再加esfamily-falimiesstrawberry-strawberries以 f或 fe结尾的词变f 或fe 为 v再

    2、加eshalf-halves wife-wives以o结尾的词加es 或sphoto-photos piano-pinaosradio-radioszoo-zoos tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes复数形式词尾是或的读法如下:读法在 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ 等清辅音后/s/cakes desks cups在/s/ /z/ /t/d/等后/iz/buses classes watches在其他情况下/z/bananas zoos windows(2)需要特别记住的是英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的。Man-men woman-women foot-feet

    3、 tooth-teeth mouse-mice child-children sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish Chinese-Chinese4. 如何表示不可数名词的数量?(1) 不可数名词没有单、复数的区别,是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词,要表示“一”这个概念,我们可以用“a+表示数量的名词+ of+名词”的形式。 a glass of water 一杯水 a cup of tea 一杯茶(2) 如果要表达两个或两个以上的概念,表示数量的名词需要用复数形式,不可数名词不变。two glasses of water 两杯水 five bags of rice 五

    4、袋大米这种形式也可以用于可数名词,但名词必须用复数形式。a basket ofapples一篮子苹果five baskets of tomatoes 五篮子西红柿5. 什么是名词所有格?名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格,意为“的”,一般在名词后加是s。如Grandma s house 奶奶的房子 my parents car 我父母的车(1) 如果名词代表的事物是有生命的,那么其所有格有以下几种形式:分类构成方式举例普通单数名词在名词末尾加sNancy s father以或结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加the teachers books特殊复数名词(不以或结尾)Children s Day

    5、表示共有关系的在最后一个名词的末尾加sJim and Henlen s mother(两人共有一个妈妈)表示各自所有关系的在每个名词的词尾都加sJim s and Henlen s mothers(两人各自的妈妈)表示公共场所、或住宅的名词,其所有格后面常常省略被修饰的名词。We will go to my sisters for dinner this afternoon.今天下午我们将去我姐姐家吃饭。Let s go to the barber s. 我们去理发店吧。(2) 如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的,常与组成短语来表示其所有格,表示前者属于后者。It s a map of China

    6、.这是一张中国地图。The name of the cartoon is Cinderella. 这部动画片的名字是灰姑娘。例题引路一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1baby 2.key 3.strawberry 4.life 5.half 6.woman7.German 8.Japanese答案1.babies 2.keys 3. strawberries 4.lives 5.halves 6.women 7.Germans 8. Japanese二、 翻译下列词组1.长城2.许多羊3.三袋大米4.五篮子鸡蛋5四位女教师 6.八棵苹果树7七张老太太的照片8.她的一个朋友答案1 .the Grea

    7、t Wall 2.many/a lot of sheep 3.three bags of rice 4.five baskets of eggs 5.four women teachers 6.eight apple trees 7.seven photos of an old woman 8.a friend of hers衔接训练1.pencil-box 2.wife 3.Sunday 4.city 5.dress 6.Englishman 7.match 8.Chinese 9.exam 10.library 11.radio 12. family 13.boy 14. photo15.

    8、tomato 16.dish 17.American 18.dictionary三、单项选择1.My father is a .He works in a hospital.A.teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. soldier2.We need some more .Can you go and get some ,please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. a potato3.In the picture there are many and two .A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps ;foxes C.

    9、 sheeps; fox D. sheep ; foxs4.Lets meet at 7:30 outside the gate of .A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park5.There are sixty-seven in our school.A.womens teacher B. women teachers C. women teachers D. women teacher6.This shop sells apples,bananas and things like t

    10、hese.Its a .A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop7.September10th is in China.A.Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D .Teachers Day8.The football under the bed is .A. Su Hai and Liu Tao B. Su Hais and Liu Taos C.Su Hais and Liu Tao D. Su Hai and Liu Taos9.The post office i

    11、s a bit far from here. Its about .A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walk C. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk10. are big and bright.A. The classroom window B. The window of the classroom C.The classrooms windows D. The windows of the classroom 四、用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.Are there three (child

    12、)playing in the classroom?2.Herere two (bottle)of (milk) for you.3.Daniel always wears a pair of (glass) and he looks clever.4.We do too much (homework)every day so we have no time to play.5.Its Sunday and there are so many (people)in the street.6.You should brush your (tooth)at least twice every da

    13、y.五、根据汉语提示完成句子。1. Beijing is (中国的首都)2.Im hungry. Please give me(四片面包)3.Are these(你父母的照片)?4.I visited(长城) last year.Its really wonderful.5(Tom和Mike 的手表)are new. They bought them last Saturday.6.You can found (一些苹果树)in the garden.7.(杨玲和南希的桌子)is very clean,but (她们的椅子) are very dirty.二、动词1.动词的定义和分类动词是表示

    14、动作或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时,要受到主语的限制,与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能,可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。2.实义动词(1)实义动词的分类实义动词也叫行为动词,即表示动作的动词,能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词。We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。Georges father lives there. 乔治的爸爸住在那儿。英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是

    15、不及物动词,如close,begin,study,leave,work等。(3) 实义动词的基本形式有动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。3.系动词(1)系动词的定义.系动词亦称连系动词,不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟表语。(2)系动词的功能系动词的主要功能是把表语(名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句)和其主语联系在一起,以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。(3)常见系动词My father isa policeman.You will feel better after a nights sleep.Its getting warmer

    16、 and warmer in spring.He looked angry/sad/happy.The apples taste very good.有部分系动词也可以作为实义动词来使用。He looked sad at the news. (“看起来”,系动词用法)He kooked sadiy at the boy. (“看着”,实义动词用法)4.助动词(1)助动词的定义助动词是语法功能词,本身没有词义,不可单独使用。He doesnt like English.(2) 助动词的功能表示时态 He is singing. He doesnt go to school on Saturday

    17、.构成疑问句Do you like college life? Did you study English before you came here?与否定副词not 连用构成否定句I dont like playing computer games. They are not watching TV now.(3)目前学过的助动词有:be(am/is/are),do(does/did) “am/is/are+现在分词”构成现在进行时态。They are having a meeting. English is becoming more and more important.do/does/

    18、did构成一般疑问句、否定句、否定祈使句。Do you want to pass the English exam?He doesnt like to study. Dont be late for school.do 也可以作实义动词,表示“做”。变否定句时必须借助dont/doesnt/didntHe does homework every day. He doesnt watch TV on school days.6. 情态动词(1) 情态动词的定义及功能情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与普通动词一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、

    19、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化,其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。She can swim fast, but I cant. You must stay here until I come back.(2) 常见情态动词的用法 can表示能力,意为“会,能”。表示客观可能性或推测时,用于否定句和疑问句;She can sing English songs.Itcant (不可能)be Jim.I saw him at school just now.Can /May(可以) I borrow your bike?may 表示许可,用于陈述句;表示正式的请求或许可,用于一般

    20、疑问句。回答may 提出的问题,肯定形式为:Yes,please./ Yes, please do./Yes,certainly./Yes,you may. 否定形式为:No,you mustnt./No, you cant./Please dont.You may go out to ply now. -May I smoke here? -Yes,you may./No you mustnt.must指客观可能性或猜测时,意为“一定”;表示“应当,必须”时,其否定形式为mustnt 意为“禁止,不允许,千万别”。回答由must构成的一般疑问句,肯定形式为: Yes ,主语+must ;否定

    21、形式为:No,主语 +neednt/dont have to。It must (肯定)be Nancys book.Her name is on the cover.You mustnt (千万别) play football in the street.-Must I hand in my homework tomorrow?-Yes, you must. / No, you neednt/dont have to.should 表示“应该,应当”,shouldnt表示“不应该”。You should tell your mother the truth.You shouldnt make

    22、the same mistake.一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.My father always (help)my mother with housework.2.The ships(not be)in the river now;they (be)there a moment ago.3.Our family (have)a new computer last month.4.I can (do )it better than you .二、模仿例词写出所给动词的相应形式。例词:do does doing did1. write _ _ _ _2.carry _ _ _ _3.wash

    23、_ _ _ _4.meet _ _ _ _一、单项选择1.My brother_ a teacher. He _ his pupils very much.A. is ; like B. is; likes C. are; likes D. are; like 2.-How many days_there in a week?-There_seven.A. is; is B.are; is C. is; are D. are; are3.My English teacher _.A. all look young B. looks young C. look young D. all look

    24、s young4.I _busy now, but I _ free next week.A. am; am B. am; will C. am; will be D. being; will be5.May I _to Helen Brown?A. tell B. speak C. talk D. say6.Yang Ling can _clothes for the doll.A. make; B. makes C. made D. making7.She looks _because she will go to Hainan for a holiday.A. happily B. be

    25、 happy C. happy D. happiness8. -_I use your pen,Dad?-Yes,you can .A. May B. Do C. Am D. Must 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. Two and six_(be) eight.2.There _(be)lots of sheep on the farm last year.3.The boy with his friends_(have)some homework every day.4.You must _(listen)to your teacher in class.5.We like _(wat

    26、ch)cartoons at the weekend.6.Listen! Someone _(sing)in the next room.7.Su Hai wants_(be)a teacher when she grows up.8.What _you _(do)last night?9. _(not speak)loudly in the reading room.10. I like _(read) very much,but I dont like _(read)today.Im too tired.三、形容词1.什么是形容词?形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词,以说明人或事物的性质、状

    27、态或特征的一类词。Jane is a beautiful girl. Is there anything wrong with your MP4?2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的?几个形容词连用时,如何排序?(1)形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前,系动词和不定代词之后。She is a good girl. I am tall and thin.There is something important to tell her. 1.有的形容词只能作表语,如:afraid害怕,alone 独自的,asleep睡着的,awake醒着的,alive活着的,well健康的,ill病的2.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西,谓语动词用复数。The Chinese have long history. We should help the old(2) 多个形容词修饰名词时,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后.She bought herself a new silk skirt.I have long straight golden hair.多个形容词和其他词修饰名词时,其顺序是:限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)+描绘词(大小、长短、形状、新旧、长幼、颜色)+出处+材料性质+类别+名词3.什么是形容词的比


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