1、旅游英语期末考试复习题必备学习美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外
2、籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Secti
3、on) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为
4、论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及
5、内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外
6、在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。旅游英语期末考试复习题 Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences 1 There is nothing _ of mention.a
7、 worthwhile b worth c worthy d deserve2 We still need to _ the sum we asked for.a make up for b make out c make over d make up3 Jane was dressed in brown _ Mary was dressed in blue.a while b as c and d since4 I suggested that we _ home.a went b should go c will go d have gone5 _you , I never want to
8、 see you here again.a As to b About c As for d As long as6 _you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.a when b After c While d Once7 Before we star wed better call the hotel and confirm if the rooms are _.a available . b cacheable c comfortable d bright8 If children are badly _ ,
9、 they behave badly.a brought through b brought down c brought forward d brought up9 Do what you have been told, _ you will be punished.a if b otherwise c and d but10 Im afraid your proposal hardly _the case.a need b meet c satisfy d want11 Have you finished your homework? This lesson is_ than the la
10、st one.a more easier b more easy c very easier d much easier12 Staying in hotel costs_ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.a twice as more than b twice as much as c as much twice as d as much as twice13 _ the worse I seem to feel . a When I take more medicineb The more medicine I take c Taking
11、more of the medicine d More medicine taken14 He flew the kite_ those trees.a through b inside c up d over15 We must now decide _the from of our answer.a to b for c on d before 16 The students came out of the classroom, one_ another.A behind b after c on d under17 They were obliged _ their house in o
12、rder to pay their debts.a to sell b to selling c to be sold d to being sold18 he was driven _ to steal food for his starving .a in necessity b with necessity c by necessity d on necessity19 He certainly deservers _ to prison.a being sent b sending c to send d to be sent20 He complained_ the teacher_
13、 Johns dishonesty.a at of b with to c to of d at about21 As a partner, he should participate with her _ her gains, in her sufferings.a with b on c about d in22 This is not a heavy stone, its size being _ into accounta made b taken c gotten d had23 Ifnegotiations for the new tradeagreements take _,cr
14、itical food shortages will develop in several countries.a too much longer b much too long c too longest d the longer24 The results of the expensive were not _to publish.a interestingenough b too interesting c enough interesting d so interesting25 “I am going to dig it up.” “What_?”a by b at c with d
15、 inII Reading Comprehension: Directions: there are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. you should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the answer shee
16、t with a single line through the center.(1)For centuries, social barriers and religious law have separated the Hindus of India into class groups called castes. Each caste did only certain work, and lived in a certain way-Each caste avoided contact with a lower caste. The highest castes were the Brah
17、mins (婆罗门), who were priests and scholars forbid-den to work with their hands, Below them ,like rungs in a ladder, were soldiers, merchants, farmers, and laborers. So low as to be almost completely outside the caste system were the untouchables. These people could not live inside the villages, drink
18、 water from public wells ,or walk on public roads. In 1947, when India became and independent democracy, a law was passed abolishing untouchables. Today, other laws are being more effective in breaking down the caste barriers. Land reform is one such law. Today in India ,a man may owe only a certain
19、 amount of land, and he must use the land he owns. As a result, Brahmins are no longer idle landlords collecting rents from large estates. They manage their own small farms; some even plant and harvest crops with their own hands. In 1950, every adult in India was given the right to vote. Since then,
20、 very few Brahmins have been elected to high office because the Brahmins make up such a small caste. The middle castes and untouchables hold more voting power than the Brahmins. In India, as in most parts of the world people are flocking to cities to live. Living in crowded apartments, sharing publi
21、c transportation, and working side by side in factories, different castes cannot avoid contact with each other. In Indias crowded cities, some caste distinctions are being forgotten. Slowly but surely, new forces at work in India are unexpectedly doing more to break down the caste system than the 19
22、47 laws which abolished untouchability.1 Implied but not directly stated:_.a. Priests and scholars were untouchableb. The untouchables led miserable livesc. All untouchables were rich peopled. The untouchables lived happily2. On the whole, the article tells about_.a. the caste system in India b. sha
23、ring transportation c. drinking from public wells d. the untouchables in India3. Which statement does this article lead you to believe?a. The Brahmins are leaving India to start a caste system here.b. the caste system has lost its importance in Indiac. Every country should have a caste system like I
24、ndiasd. the caste system is still of great importance in Indias political life today.4. Why have very few Brahmins been elected to high office since 1950?a. The middle castes and the untouchables are in the majority.b. They do not want to serve in high office in a democracy.c. They prefer to spend t
25、heir time walking on public roads. d. They hold more voting power.5. Which statement seems true according to the passage?a. the Brahmins were all soldiers.b. Social barriers were broken down by democracy.c. The Brahmins and the untouchables are close friends.d. The India people think the caste syste
26、m is good.(2)Every human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is how to dispose of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem-how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system w
27、hich utilizes not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as light bulbs and refrigerators as well. the system works so well that no conventional fuel is needed to make the campuss six buildings comfortable. Some parts of most modern buildings-theaters and offices as well as classroom
28、s -are more than amply heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air -conditioned even in winter. The technique of saving heat and redistributing it is called “heat recovery.” A few modern buildings recover heat, but the Universitys system is the first to recover heat from some buildings and
29、 re-use it in others. Along the way, Pitt has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. the harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Male Students emit more hear than female students, and the larger an student, the more heat he produces. It is tempting to conclude tha
30、t the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a hard-working, overweight male genius.1. Which of the following is true of the heating system of the Johnstown campus?a. The heat is supplied by human bodies only.b. The heat is supplied by both human bodies and other heart emitting objects.
31、c. The heat is supplied by both human bodies and conventional fuel. d. the heat is supplied by human bodies, other heat-emitting objects, and conventional fuel .2. Until recently, body heat has caused problems because it_.a. was difficult to collectb. came in a variety of forms c. was difficult to get rid of d. tended to be absorbed by physical objects3. The phrase “even in winter” most nearly means_.a. if the winter is especially warmb. during all of the year except the winter c. in the winter was well as in other seasons d. during
