1、电子信息与通信工程专业英语期末必考翻译1.In most cases, these signals originate as sensory data from the real world: seismic vibrations visual images, sound waves, etc.DSP isthe mathematics, the algorithms, and the techniques used to manipulate these signals after they have been converted into a digital form. 在大多数情况下，这
2、些信号来源于人对真实世界感觉，比如地震震动，视觉图像，声音波形等。数字信号处理是一种数学工具，是一种用来处理那些将上述信号转换成数字形式后信号算法和技术。2.Fouriers representation of functionsas a superposition of sines and cosines has become Ubiquitous for both the analytic and numerical solution of differential equations and for the analysis and treatment of communication
3、signals 函数傅里叶表示，即将函数表示成正弦和余弦信号叠加，这种方法已经广泛用于微分方程解析法和数值法求解过程以及通信信号分析和处理。3.If f (t ) is a nonperiodic signal, the summation of the periodic functions ,such as sine and cosine, does not accurately represent the signal. You could artificially extend the signal to make it periodic but it would require add
4、itional continuity at the end points . 如果f(t)是非周期信号，那么用周期函数例如正弦和余弦和，并不能精确表示该信号f(t)。你可以人为拓展这个信号使其具有周期性，但是这要求在端点处附加连续性4.A digital filter is a mathematical algorithm implemented in hardware, firmware, and software that operates on a digital input signal to produce a digital output signal for achieving
5、filtering objectives. 数字滤波器是一种数学算法，它可以用硬件，固件和软件来实现。它作用于数字输入信号产生数字输出信号从而达到滤波目标。5.The basic idea of Fourier series method is to design an FIR filter that approximates the desired frequency response of filter by calculating its impulse response. 用傅里叶级数设计FIR滤波器基本理念是计算出此滤波器单位冲激响应来逼近所期望滤波器频率响应。6.If the si
6、gnal has sharp transitions, it is necessary to window the input data, so that the sections converge to zero at the endpoints 如果信号有急剧过渡，就有必有对输入信号加窗，这样信号在端点处就会收敛于零。7.Theconceptsofsignalsandsystemsariseinawidevarietyoffields,andtheideasandtechniquesassociatedwiththeseconceptsplayanimportantroleinsuchdi
7、verseareasofscienceandtechnologyascommunication,aeronauticsandastronautics,circuitdesign,acoustics,seismology,biomedicalengineering,energygenerationdistributionsystems,chemicalprocesscontrol,andspeechprocessing. 信号与系统概念出现在广阔范围内，在科学技术不同领域，如通信、航空航天、电路设计、声学、地震学、生物学、生物医学工程、发电和输电系统、化学过程控制和语音处理中都离不开这个概念思想
8、与技术。它在科学技术中发挥了重要作用。8.Withoutsomerestrictions,whenthecharacterizationofasystemrequiresacompleteinput-out-putrelationship,knowingtheoutputofasystemtoacertainsetofinputdoenotallowustodeterminetheoutputofthesystemtoothersetsofinputs. 当系统特性描述要求完整输入输出关系时，如果没有约束条件，即使知道了系统对某 些特定输入产生输出时，我们也并不知道系统对其他输入产生输出。9.
9、Anexampleofafinite-energysignalisasignalthattakesonthevalue1for0t1and0otherwise. 举一个有限能量信号例子：信号在0t1，而在其他时间范围取值为0。10.This,ofcourse,makessense,sinceifthereisanonzeroaverageenergyperunittime,thenintegratingorsummingthisoveraninfinitetimeintervalyieldsaninfiniteamountofenergy. 当然这是有意义，因为如果单位时间内存在一个非零平均能
10、量，那么在一个无限时间间隔范围内，对其积分或者求和就会产生一个无限能量总和。11.Wecanbringcontinuous-timeanddiscrete-timesystemstogetherthroughtheconceptofsampling,andwecandevelopsomeinsightsintotheuseofdiscrete-timesystemstoprocesscontinuous-timesignalsthathavebeensampled. 我们可以在抽样概念下将连续时间和离散时间系统放在一起考虑。我们可以将一些离散时间系统概念推广，用以处理抽样后连续时间系统。12.
11、Oneofthemostimportantmotivationsforthedevelopmentofgeneraltoolsforanalyzinganddesigningsystemsisthat systemsfrommanydifferentapplicationshaveverysimilar mathematicaldescriptions. 许多具有不同应用系统都有相类似数学描述，这是开发系统分析和设计通用工具软件最重要动机之一。13.Electronic amplifiers are often symbolized by a simple triangle shape ,wh
12、ere the internal components are not individually represented. 电子放大器一般都表示成三角形形状，内部器件并不分别表示出来。14.An increasingly positive voltage on the(+)input tends to drive the output voltage more positive,and an increasingly positive voltage on the(-)input tends to drive the output voltage more negative. 增大同向输入端电
13、压，会使输出电压增大；增大反向输入端电压，会使输出电压减小。15.Because we know that both inputs of the op-amp have extremely high impedance,we can safely assume they wont add or subtract any current through the divider. 因为我们知道，运算放大器两个输入端之间有无穷大电阻，所以我们完全可以假设他们没有增加或分担任何电流。16.In other words,we can treat R1 and R2 as being in series
14、with each other:all of the electrons flowing through R1 must flow through R2. 换句话说，我们可以认为R1和R2串联，即通过R1电流一定会通过R2。17.FPGAs,which do not use operating sytems,minimize reliability cincerns with true parallel execution and deterministic hardware dedicated to every task. FPGA不使用操作系统，减少了对每项任务并行操作和确定硬件分配依赖性
15、。18.Digital communication protocols,for example,have specifications that can chang over time,and ASIC-based interfaces may cause maintenance and forward compatibility challenges. 例如，数字通信协议规范可能随时改变，基于ASIC接口则保持稳定且兼容。19.VHDL is an acronym for Very high speed intergrated circuit(VHSIC)Hardware Descripti
16、on Language which is a programming Language that describes a logic cir cuit by function,data flow behavior,and/or structure. VHDL是甚高速集成电路硬件描述语言缩写，它是一种通过函数、数据流和（或）结构描述逻辑电路可编程语言。20.The data flow model makes use of concurrent statements that are executed in parallel as soon as data arrives at the input
17、. 数据流模式在数据到达输入端同事就给出相同说明。2.傅里叶分析Fouriers epresentation of functions as a superposition of sines and cosines has become ubiquitous for both the analytic and numerical solution of differential equations and for the analysis and treatment of communication signals.函数傅里叶表示，即将函数表示成正弦和余弦信号叠加，这种方法已经广泛用于微分方程
18、解析法和数值法求解过程以及通信信号分析和处理。The Fourier transforms utility lies in its ability to analyze a signal in the time domain for its frequency content. The transform works by first translating a function in the time domain into a function in the frequency domain. The signal can then be analyzed for its frequenc
19、y content because the Fourier coefficients of the transformed function represent the contribution of each sine and cosine function at each frequency. An inverse Fourier transform dose just what youd expect, transform data from the frequency domain into the time domain.傅里叶变换效用在于它能够在时域范围内分析它频率内容。变换第一步
20、是将时域上函数转换为时域表示。然后就可以分析信号频率内容了。因为变换函数傅里叶系数代表各个正弦和余弦函数在各自对应频率区间分配。傅里叶逆变换就会按你刚才设想那样，将频域数据转换为时域。The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) estimates the Fourier transform of a function from a finite number of its sampled points. The sampled points are supposed to be typical of what the signal looks like at al
21、l other times离散型傅里叶变换是通过他有限采样点来评估函数傅里叶变换。采样点代表了其他时间信号。The DFT has symmetry properties almost exactly the same as the continuous Fourier transform. In addition, the formula for the inverse discrete Fourier transform is easily calculated using the one for the discrete Fourier transform because the two
22、 formulas are almost identical.离散型傅里叶变换具有和连续型傅里叶变换几乎完全相同对称特性。此外，通过离散型傅里叶变换公式，我们可以轻易推出离散型傅里叶变换公式。因为这两个公式几乎相同。If f (t ) is a nonperiodic signal, the summation of the periodic functions (such as sine and cosine)does not accurately represent the signal.You could artificially extend the signal to make it
23、 periodic but it would reqiure addition continuity at the endpoints.The window Fourier transform(WFT )is one solution to the problem of better representing the nonperiodic signal. The WFT can be used to give information about signals simultaneously in the time domain and in the frequency domain 如果f(
24、t)是非周期信号，那么用周期函数例如正弦和余弦和，并不能精确表示该信号f(t)。你可以人为拓展这个信号使其具有周期性，但是这要求在端点处附加连续性。窗口傅里叶变换能够更好解决关于非周期信号表示问题。窗口傅里叶变换同样适用于时域和频域上信号信息提供。With the WFT, the input signal f(t) is chopped up into sections, and each section is analyzed for its frequency content separately, If the signal has sharp transitions, it is n
25、ecessary to window the input data, so that the sections converge to zero at the endpoints. This windowing is accomplished via a weight function that places less emphasis near the intervals endpoints than in the middle. The effect of the window is to localize the signal in time.通过窗口傅里叶变换，输入信号f(t)被分成许
26、多小部分，每个部分都能分别分析它频率内容。如果信号有急剧过度，就有必要对输入信号加窗，这样信号在端点处就会收敛于零。通过加权函数，即着眼于与中间部分而不是区间端点附近，这样就完成了加窗。加窗效应是将信号集中在同一个时间段。To approximate a function by samples, and to approximate the Fourier integral by the discrete Fourier transform, requires applying a matrix whose order is the number sample points n. Since
27、multiplying an n*n matrix by a vector costs on the order of arithmetic operations, the problem gets quickly worse as the number of sample points increases. However, if the samples are uniformly spaced, then the Fourier matrix can be factored into a product of just a few sparse matrices, and the resu
28、lting factors can be applied to a vector in a total of order arithmetic operations. This is the so-called fast Fourier transform or FFT 通过样本来近似函数，及通过离散傅立叶傅立叶变换去逼近傅里叶积分，需要使用一个矩阵，其顺序是全样本点数量。通过一个按n2算术运算顺序向量乘以一个n*n矩阵，当采样点增多时候，问题就迅速恶化。但是，如果样本是均匀分布，那么傅立叶矩阵可以被分解成一个只有几个稀疏矩阵乘积，以及由此产生因素可广泛应用在算术运算顺序共向量。这就是所谓快速
29、傅里叶变换或FFT。3. 2. Continuous-time and discrete-time systems Physical systems in the broadest sense are an interconnection of components, devices, or subsystems. In context ranging from signal processing and communications to electromechanical motors, automotive vehicles, and chemical-processing plants
30、, a system can be viewed as a process in which input signals are transformed by the system or cause the system to respond in some way, resulting in other signals as outputs. For example, a high-fidelity system takes a recorded audio signal and generates a reproduction of that signal. If the hi-fi sy
31、stem has tone controls, we can change the tonal quality of the reproduced signal.Similarly, the circuit in Fig.3-1 can be viewed as a system with input voltage Vs(t) and output voltage Vc(t). An image-enhancement system transforms an input image into an output image that has some desired properties,
32、 such as improved contrast. A continuous-time system is a system in which continuous-time input signals are applied and result in continuous-time output signals. As in Figure 3-1-5(a), where x(t) is the input, y(t) is the output, and h(t) is the system impulse response.Similarly, a discrete-time systemthat is, a system that transforms discrete-time inputs into discre
