1、运用概念整合理论分析英语委婉语硕士学位论文 AcknowledgementsI greatly appreciate all the support that has been given on the thesis presented here. First and foremost, I should like to express my sincere gratitude to my adviser, Professor Zhang Haiying, for her deep insight and great patience as well as constructive comme
2、nts in aiding me throughout the process of writing this thesis. Without her thought-provoking instructions and constant encouragement, the thesis would not appear in the present form. Secondly, my gratitude also goes to other professors and teachers for their illuminating lectures and precious advic
3、es which inspired and nurtured me during my study for master degree at the college of Foreign languages of Shanghai Maritime University.Thirdly, my heartfelt gratitude is extended to all of my friends, classmates who have offered me helpful suggestion and valuable reference books during the writing
4、of this thesis. And last but not least, I owe special thanks to my family who, in one way or another, helped me all the time in the completion of this thesis.毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用
5、过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作 者 签 名： 日 期： 指导教师签名： 日期： 使用授权说明本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。作者签名： 日 期： 学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的
6、内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日指导教师评阅书指导教师评价：一
7、、撰写（设计）过程1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 优 良 中 及格 不及格4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性 优 良 中 及格 不及格5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对
8、解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评价：一、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念
9、是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）评阅教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日教研室（或答辩小组）及教学系意见教研室（或答辩小组）评价：一、答辩过程1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（
10、设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格评定成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）教研室主任（或答辩小组组长）： （签名）年 月 日教学系意见：系主任： （签名）年 月 日摘 要“委婉语如此深深地嵌入我们的语言，以至于我们中间没有谁（即使那些自诩为直截了当的人）能够在不使用委婉语的情况下过完每一天的”。（Rawson, 1995：1
11、）很久以来，很多学者从修辞学，语义学，语用学，社会语言学等角度对英语委婉语都各有特色，但从认知角度进行研究的却很少。因此本文试图从概念整合理论出发, 通过框架和映射二个视角来探讨英语委婉语的意义生成机制和解读过程。文章所用语料几乎全部出自国内一部最权威的英语委婉语词典：刘纯豹教授所编英语委婉语词典, 希望能给英语委婉语认知研究提供更加有力的语料来源。全文共分为五章。第一章主要是论文的研究目的，意义，委婉语认知角度研究的文献综述，以及论文的结构。第二章概述英语委婉语的定义，历史，动机，以及构成。第三章主要介绍概念整合理论。第四章通过概念整合理论中框架(Frame)和映射(Mappings)二个视
12、角，结合实例对英语委婉语的意义生成机制和解读过程进行具体分析。第五章是对全文的总结。通过分析，我们得知：在概念整合理论指导下，凭借框架(Frame)，映射(Mappings) 二个视角，很多英语委婉语都能得到很详尽的认知诠释。就英语委婉语的认知机制来说，从模糊的语义意义到清晰的语用意义就是一个认知过程。在其过程中听者对于禁忌语的注意力不再集中而是极大的扩散从而使禁忌所带来不佳的影响大幅度的被淡化，甚至暂时地被掩饰。关键词：概念整合; 英语委婉语; 框架; 映射；认知机制Abstract“Euphemisms are embedded so deeply in our language that
13、 few of us, even those who pride themselves on (in) being plain-spoken, ever go through a day without them”. (Rawson, 1995：1) English euphemisms have long attracted much attention from scholars from various perspectives such as rhetoric，semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics, etc. Yet, they hav
14、e been seldom studied from the cognitive approach. As a bold endeavor, this present thesis applies the Conceptual Integration Theory to the analysis of English euphemisms to discover their cognitive mechanism and meaning construction. Most of the examples are taken from A dictionary of English euphe
15、misms compiled by Prof. Liu Chunbao. This thesis consists of five chapters:Chapter 1 is the introduction, explaining the objectives and significance of the thesis. Literature review and the organization of the thesis are also presented in this part.Chapter 2 discusses the definition, history, motiva
16、tions, and cognitive formation mechanisms of English euphemisms. Chapter 3 introduces the conceptual integration theory. Chapter 4 applies the Conceptual Integration Theory to the analysis of English euphemismsChapter 5 presents the conclusion reached in this thesis.The main conclusion drawn from th
17、e present thesis is that, according to frames and mappings, many English euphemisms are available to be cognitively analyzed to the full.Moreover, based on analyses of cognitive mechanism in English euphemisms in chapter 4, we come to learn that the change from unclear semantic meaning to clear prag
18、matic meaning involves a cognitive process during which the attention focus of a concept signified by taboo is so enormously diffused that its evocative impact is greatly lessened or even temporally concealed to the utmost. Key word: conceptual integration, English euphemisms, frames, mappings, cogn
19、itive mechanismContentsChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Objectives and Purposes 11.2 Significance of the Present Research 11.3 Literature Review 21.4 The Organization of the Thesis 4Chapter 2 English Euphemisms 52.1 Definition and History of English Euphemisms 52.1.1 Definition 52.1.2 History 62.2 The Mo
20、tivations of Emergence of Euphemisms 82.2.1 Taboo 82.2.2 Politeness 102.2.3 Humor 112.2.4 Concealing 122.3 Cognitive Formation Mechanisms of English Euphemisms 132.3.1 Transfer and Dispersion of Attention Focus 132.3.1.1 Conceptual Metaphor 132.3.1.2 Conceptual Metonymy 142.3.2 Cultural Image Transf
21、ormation 162.3.3 Temporary Thought Blocking during the Cognitive Process 162.4 Summary 18Chapter 3 Conceptual Integration Theory 193.1 Mental Space Theory 193.2 An Introduction to Conceptual Integration Theory 213.3 The Network Model of Conceptual Integration Theory 223.3.1 Description of Some Key T
22、erms 223.3.1.1 Mental Space 223.3.1.2 Mapping 233.3.1.3 Projection 243.3.2 The Network Model 243.4 Vital Relations 283.5 Network Model Types 303.5.1 Simplex Networks 313.5.2 Mirror Network 323.5.3 Single -Scope- Network 333.5.4 Double -Scope- Network 343.5.5 Multi -Scope- Network 353.6 Summary 35Cha
23、pter 4 Analysis of English Euphemisms by CIT 374.1 Methodology 374.1.1 Corpus Selection 374.1.2 Analytical Methods and Procedures 394.2 Euphemisms for Occupation 394.2.1 General Description 394.2.2 Analysis of Examples 404.3 Euphemisms for Gender 494.3.1 General Description 494.3.2 Analysis of Examp
24、les 504.4 Euphemisms for Body 524.4.1 General Description 524.4.2 Analysis of Examples 524.5Euphemisms for Disease 554.5.1 General Description 554.5.2 Analysis of Examples 554.6 Euphemisms for Death 594.6.1 General Description 594.6.2 Analysis of Examples 604.7 Euphemisms for War and Politics 634.7.
25、1 General Description 634.7.2 Analysis of Examples 654.8 Summary 71Chapter 5 Conclusion 72Bibliography 74Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Objectives and PurposesFor a long time, many a scholar analyzed English euphemisms from various points of view, contributing enormously to the research of English euphem
26、isms from their unique perspectives. Nevertheless, few scholars have tried to probe into the great part that the cognitive mechanism plays in the process of meaning construction and interpretation. Simple as they may seem, euphemisms have always puzzled linguists as well as psychologists due to thei
27、r meaning construction in the cognitive process and reasoning mechanism in the interpretation process. However, with the rapid development of cognitive science, cognitive linguistics has emerged as a distinguished subject in the past 20 years. Fauconnier and Turner, scholars of eminence in the lingu
28、istic field, created the Conceptual Integration Theory (CIT) in collaboration in the 1990s. During the past few years, some researchers at home and abroad have made tentative efforts to analyze multifarious linguistic phenomena in the light of this theory, yielding substantial and plentiful fruits.
29、Based on frames and mappings of CIT, which was put forward by Fauconnier and other scholars, the present research is carried out in an attempt to discover the cognitive mechanism and meaning construction of English euphemisms with vivid and concrete examples. 1.2 Significance of the Present Research
30、The present research is of great significance at both theoretical and practical levels.Theoretically, Conceptual Integration Theory focuses on the human cognition, behavior, language, and the metaphor mechanism of language in particular via keeping track of meaning construction on a moving mode. (Fauconnier, 1998:133) It yields academic achievements that become entrenched in conceptual structure and grammar and lays more stress on the cognitive meaning of the emergent structure through the process of composition, completion, and elaboration so as to decipher the mystery iceberg hidden
