1、句子成分基本句型特殊动词主从句一：句子成分（Members of a sentence）什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要
2、成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和独立成分A主语I定义：是一个句子所叙述的主体。一般位于句首，但在there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。II主语的表现形式1 名词During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.2 代词We often speak English in and out of class.Who is the man
3、 standing over there?3 数词One-third of the students in this class are girls.Two times five is ten.4 不定式To swim in the river is a great pleasure.To master English is useful.5 动名词Smoking does harm to the health.Playing football in the street is dangerous.6 名词化的形容词The rich should help the poor.In the ne
4、w China, the old are living a happy life.7 从句When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.Whether hell join us in the discussion is of great importance.8 it作形式主语It is dangerous playing with fireIt is important to learn English.It is a pity that he cannot swim.B谓语I定义：说明主语所做的动作或具
5、有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。II谓语的构成1 简单谓语 由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practices running every morning.She takes good care of her mother.2 复合谓语（1） 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。You may keep the book for two weeks.Youd better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.He has caught a bad cold.She doesnt seem to like dancin
6、g（2） 由系动词加表语构成。We are students.He looked a bit excited.C表语I定义：用于说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如sound, feel, taste , look, get, go, become, remain, turn等）之后。II 表语的表现形式 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。1 名词My teacher of English is an American.He is an astronaut.2 代词Is it yours?Thats all I want to
7、tell you.3 形容词The weather has turned cold.4 分词The speech is exciting.The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.5 数词Three times seven is twenty-one.He is always the first to enter the office.6 不定式His job is to teach English.Their plan is to finish the experiment in a week.7 动名词His hobby is playi
8、ng football.My wish is studying law in a university.8. 介词短语The machine must be out of order.He is against our plan.9 副词Time is up. The class is over.My father isnt in. He is out.10 表语从句The truth is that hes never been abroad.What I want to know is when well have the sports meet.D宾语I定义：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般
9、位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。II 宾语的表现形式1 名词He is going to buy a dictionary.2 代词We should learn from him.3 数词-How many dictionaries do you have?-I have five.4 名词化的形容词或分词They helped the old with their housework yesterday.We should take the wounded to the hospital immediately.5 不定式（短语）He pretended not to see
10、me.She didnt know what to do next.6 动名词（短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.He practises speaking English every day.7 从句I think (that) he is fit for his office.He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.III宾语的种类1 直接宾语Lend me your dictionary , please.2 间接宾语The company sent us a few c
11、omputers last year.He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.3 复合宾语They elected him their monitor.I found the baby very happy.The next day he found himself in the hospital when he woke.I often ask him to help me with my English.I find it easy to answer this question.4 介词宾语In our school about two-third
12、s of the students are from the north.E宾语补足语I定义：有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态，以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let. II宾语补足语的表现形式1 用名词表示His father named him Jim.We consider Mr. Zhang an excellent teacher.2 用形容词及其短语表示We believed the report untrue
13、.I saw him young and strong, and now he is old and worn.3 用不定式及其短语表示He always encouraged me to work hard.Nobody noticed him enter the room.4 用现在分词及其短语表示We saw him entering the room.I heard her singing an English song.5 用过去分词及其短语表示They found the city greatly changed.6 用as引出宾语补足语常用的有regard/ treat / ta
14、ke / consider / look uponasWe take English as a useful tool for research work.I look upon him as my teacher.7 用介词短语表示We found everything in the lab in good order.Whenever you may go, you will find him at work.8 用副词表示Let the fresh air in.I saw him out with his father.9 用从句表示We will make our city what
15、 your city is now.F定语I定义：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。II定语的表现形式1 形容词It is a beautiful city.2 分词（短语）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher?This is the bridge built last year.3 名词There are thirty women teachers in our school.They are going to
16、 put up a wall newspaper next weekcoffee cup stone bridge shoe shop4 代词His rapid progress in English made us surprised.5 数词More than thirty students in our class have read the book. 6 名词所有格Marys parents have gone abroad.You should follow the doctors advice.7 不定式Our monitor is always the first to ent
17、er the classroom.I have a lot of work to do.8 动名词The teaching plan for the next term has been worked out.You mustnt take the magazine out of the reading room9 介词短语Who is the girl in red?He is reading a book about how to learn English.10 副词A noise outside made him turn around.The man in the room belo
18、w is friendly.11 从句I will remember the day when I first met her.G状语I定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。II状语的表现形式1 副词及副词性词组Light travels most quickly.2 介词短语He has lived in the city for ten years.3 不定式（短语）The box is too heavy for me to lift.4 分词（短语）He is in the room reading a book.Encouraged by t
19、he teacher, I made up my mind to study English well.5 名词（短语）Wait a minute.Would you please come this way?6 从句I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.III状语的种类1 时间状语How about meeting again at six?When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.2 原因状语Last night I didnt go to the pa
20、rty because of the rain.Since you are very busy, I wont trouble you.3 条件状语I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4 地点状语Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.Where there is a will , there is a way.5 方式状语He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.6 伴随状语She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
21、The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.7 目的状语I went there to see a friend of mine.Bring it closer so that I may see it better.8 结果状语He is so good a teacher that the students love and respect him.9 让步状语She works hard though she is old.10 程度状语I quite agree with you.11 比较状语I am taller tha
22、n he is.The more I speak English, the better I will be.H同位语I定义：位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况。II同位语的表现形式1 名词We young people should respect the old.2 代词He himself will do the experiment.3 数词He is the oldest among them four.4 从句He told me the news that our team won the game.He told me the news that I am interes
23、ted in.5 由such as, that is (to say) 引导Some subjects, such as physics and chemistry , are very difficult to learn.6 由of引导The city of Guilin has been greatly changed since 2001.7 由or引导The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.二：英语句子的
24、5种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
25、这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词） 1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 8. The pen writes smo
26、othly 这支笔书写流利。基本句型 二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 （是系动词） 1. Th
27、is is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face turned r
28、ed. 他的脸红了。There be 结构： There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物 试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。 基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 （及
29、物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型 四： （
30、主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please. （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来
