1、高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破特殊句式专题13 特殊句式【2018年高考考纲解读】特殊句式比较杂乱，掌握起来有一定的难度。其中倒装句是高考的热点，强调句是高考的难点。同时，祈使句与陈述句的区别、省略与替代的合理运用也是高考考查的重点项目。近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象，如在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句，把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起，考查考生综合把握语言知识的能力。【重点、难点剖析】一 、倒装句(一)完全倒装(Full Inversion)谓语动词完全放在主语之前的句子便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有：1表示方式、方位的副词或介词短语，如here, t
2、here, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等，置于句首，且主语是名词时。如：In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.在英格兰一所大学的讲堂里坐着一位教授。South of the river lies a small factory.一个小型工厂坐落在河的南岸。Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。2such置于句首时。如：Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and
3、the 20th centurys greatest scientist.这就是艾伯特爱因斯坦，一个朴实的人，也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。(二)部分倒装(Partial Inversion)只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有三种：1only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。如：Only in this way can we learn English well.只有以这种方法，我们才能学好英语。Only when he returned did we find out the truth.只有当他回来时，我们才查明了真相。使用特点：
4、(1)在部分倒装句中，如果谓语部分无助动词，则须找助动词来“帮助”它构成倒装句。如：()Only after the war learned he the sad news.()Only after the war did he learn the sad news.只是在战后他才知道那个悲惨的消息。(2)only修饰状语从句时，从句不可倒装。如：()Only when did he return did we find out the truth.()Only when he returned did we find out the truth.只有当他回来的时候，我们才查明了真相。(3)o
5、nly修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。如：()Only can he answer the question.()Only he can answer the question.只有他能回答这个问题。2否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely, rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition等置于句首时。如：Never before have I seen such a moving fil
6、m.I have never seen such a moving film before.以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。Not a single mistake did he make.He didnt make a single mistake.他一个错也没犯。3七个重要的固定句型：(1).sobe/助动词/情态动词主语“也是如此”。如：They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.他们喜欢交很多朋友，那些有残疾的人也是如此。警示如果句意不是“也是如此”，而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附加(此时的soindeed)
7、，那么，句子不可使用倒装形式。试比较：A：I was afraid. (句中的I指是说话者A)B：So was I. (I指的是B，此句意为：I was afraid, too.)A：我害怕。B：我也是。A：I was afraid. (I指的是A)B：So you were.(you指的也是A。此句意为：Indeed you were afraid.)A：我害怕。B：你就是这样。(2).neither(或nor)be/助动词/情态动词主语“也不这样”。如：Lily cant ride; neither (或nor) can Lucy.莉莉不会骑车，露西也不会。此句型中的neither(或no
8、r)不可用so.not替代，但可用not.either改写。如：()I have never been abroad. So hasnt he.()I have never been abroad. Neither/Nor has he.()I have never been abroad. He has never/not been abroad, either.我没出过国，他也没有。(3)Soadj./adv.that./Suchadj.n.that.“如此以至于”。如：So clearly does he speak English that he can always make him
9、self understood.他说英语如此清晰以至于别人都听得懂。警示在这个句型中，so/such引导的句子要倒装，而that引导的句子不倒装。(4)Neither.，nor.“不，也不”。如：Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.我不知道，也不关心。警示由于neither和nor都是否定词，所以其后面的分句均需倒装。(5)Not only.，but also.“不仅而且”。如：Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment wil
10、l be provided for people who need it.不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助，而且也要给那些需要帮助的人提供医疗保健服务。警示此句型也可写成Not only.but.或Not only.but.as well的形式，但but (also)引导的句子必须用正常语序。(6)Not until.“直到才”。如：Not until he returned did we have supper.直到他回来我们才吃晚饭。警示这句话可以改写成：We didnt have supper until he returned.再如：Not until 4 00 in the morni
11、ng can he fall asleep.He cant fall asleep until 4 00 in the morning.直到凌晨4点他才睡着。如果not until引导的是句子，until从句不可倒装，只是主句需要倒装。(7)hardly.when.，no sooner.than.“刚就”等引导两个句子时，前一个句子用部分倒装，后一个句子不倒装。Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.他一听到这个消息就哭了。(三)形式倒装(Formal Inversion)形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是，只
12、把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。这样的结构较多，但尤其要注意as, though引导让步状语从句时采用形式倒装的情况。1表语的倒装Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work.尽管他很累，他还是继续工作。2谓语动词的倒装Try as he might，he didnt pass the exam.尽管很用功，但他考试还是不及格。3状语的倒装 Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt want to buy it.他虽然很喜欢那辆自行车，但不想买它。警示如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语，不再用
13、冠词。如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是孩子，但他懂得很多。Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best.他虽然是我们班年龄最小的，但英语说得最好。二、强调It is/was被强调部分that句子剩余成分(一)强调人时可用who/that来连接，强调事物时用that来连接。被强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是定语或谓语。如：It is I who/that am right. 我才是对的。(强调主语)(二)强调句的特殊句
14、式强调句的特殊句式结构构成一般疑问句Is/Was it被强调部分that/who句子其他部分？特殊疑问句特殊疑问词is/was itthat句子其他部分？not until句式It is/was not until.that句子其他部分not.but.句式It is not.that.，but./It is not.but.that.Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天给我打电话是什么时候？What is
15、 it that you want me to do?你要我做什么？I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.直到她摘掉墨镜我才认出她是著名影星。(三)用助动词do，does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。Do be careful while
16、crossing the street.过马路时一定要当心。三、省略(一)定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom常可以省略。(二)状语从句中的省略现象1当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.当我正在沿着大街走时，我听见有人叫我的名字。The exhibition is mor
17、e interesting than (it was) expected.展览比预料的更有趣。He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.他张了张嘴好像有话要说。2当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if, unless, when, whenever)形容词。如：Unless (it is) necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没必要，你最好别查词典。另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有“ifso/no
18、t”省略句式：If so和If not。He may not be at home then. If so (If he is not at home), leave him a note.他那时也许不在家。如果不在家的话，给他留下个便条。(三)不定式的省略1单独使用不定式符号to，代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后边。如：I asked him to see the film, but he di
19、dnt want to.2否定形式的省略用not to。Shall I go instead of him?I prefer you not to.我可以代替他去吗？我宁可你不去。3如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：Are you a sailor?No, but I used to be.你是个海员吗？不是，但我以前是。He hasnt finished yet.Well, he ought to have.他还没完成。哦，他早该完成了。(四)宾语从句中的省略1由which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语
20、从句，可全部或部分省去，只保留引导词。Please pass me one of these books, I dont care which(you pass me)请递给我一本书，随便哪一本。He will come back, but he doesnt know when (he will come back)他会回来的，但他不知道什么时候回来。2由that引导的宾语从句，连词that可省略，若带有多个宾语从句，只有第一个that可省略，其余不能。He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it
21、 by heart.他说这篇课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。四、主谓一致(一)并列主语的主谓一致1两个单数名词用and连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：Tom and Jack were close friends.汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。2两个单数名词用and连接，表示同一人、同一物、同一个概念或表示不可分割的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。3被every, each, many a, no等限定的单数名词由and连接时，谓语动词仍用单数
22、形式。其中，后一个限定词可省略。如：Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。4一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：What he says and does do not agree.他言行不一致。Simple and plain living is a fine quality.生活俭朴是一种优良的品质。English and American literature are appealing to her.英国文学和美国文学都对她
23、有吸引力。5由and连接的两个what从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。6由or, nor, either.or，neither.nor, not only.but (also)连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。如：One or two friends are coming this evening.今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。Neither I nor he is in favour of her marriage.我和
24、他都不赞成她的婚姻。7“单数名词with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, as much as, but, except等名词”作主语时，谓语仍用单数形式。 如：Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight.史密斯博士及其夫人将乘晚班飞机抵达。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.除了一个老师和三个学生外，没有人在实验室里。(二)某些名词作
25、主语时的主谓一致1集体名词family, class, crew, team, group, public, audience, crowd, government, committee等作主语时，动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。当把集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词常用单数形式；如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。The class are doing experiments.全班学生正在做实验。2由两部分构成的表示物体的名词，如trousers,
26、 pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of或two/three/.pairs of来修饰，谓语动词的数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。如：Your glasses are very nice.你的眼镜很漂亮。This pair of trousers is mine.这条裤子是我的。(三)数词与量词作主语的主谓一致1表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等的名词的复数形式作主语，通常当作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Twenty years is a long time in ones
27、 life.20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。2分数和百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于它们表示的意义。试比较：About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得读一读。3有“kind(form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。如：This new type of buses is on show.这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。All kinds of difficulties have to
28、be overcome.必须克服各种各样的困难。4如果主语由“many a/more than one单数名词”构成，谓语动词常用单数。如：Many a page in this book is missing.这本书缺了许多页。5a quantity of及quantities of后既可接复数名词，亦可接不可数名词；a quantity of.作主语时谓语动词的单数形式取决于后面的名词是否可数；而quantities of.作主语时谓语总用复数形式。如：With more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is
29、being washed away each year.With more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走了。(四)从句中的主谓一致1在用it作形式主语的句子中和在用it构成的强调句型中，谓语动词常用单数。如：It isnt obvious which route would be the best.哪条路线会是最好的还不明显。It was he who taught us English last year.去年
30、是他教我们英语。(强调句型)五、其他特殊句式(一)祈使句的固定句式1祈使句and简单句表示“如果就”2祈使句or简单句表示“否则”(二)感叹句的固定句式1What a(an)单数名词主语谓语！2What形容词复数名词主语谓语！3How形容词a(an)单数名词主语谓语！4How形容词/副词主语谓语！(三)反义疑问句1主从复合句，与主句的主谓语保持一致。但当陈述部分是I (We) think/believe/expect/suppose加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。2must表示猜测时的反意疑问句(1)“must be”对现在情况进行推测作一般现在时或现在进行时的附加疑问句进行处理。3陈述部分是祈使句，疑问尾句用will you；但如果陈述部分是lets开头的祈使句，疑问尾句用shall we。【题型示例】题型1、倒装句【例1】【2016江苏】34.Not until recently _the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.A. they had encouraged B. had they enc
