1、句子成分及句子结构句子结构及成分1.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. He opened the door.The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1.Most birds can fly.（ ）考点2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考点3.It happened yes
2、terday.（ ）考点4.My watch stopped.（ ）考点5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )考点6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）考点7.Shall I begin at once?（ ）考点8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）考点9.When did they leave Beijing?（ ）考点10.They left last week. （ ）2.实义动词、助动
3、词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义
4、不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.He has arrived. I have been painting all day. Does he like English?He doesnt have lunch at home.Trees are planted in spring. The house has been pulled down. If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.So did he love his mother that he bought her
5、 many presents on her birthday.帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.Did he do his homework yesterday?He has had breakfast.指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i.Does ( ) he like ( )
6、swimming? ii.He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.iii.Where does( ) he live ( )?iv.He does ( ) some washing after work.v.He has ( ) had ( ) supper already.vi.The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.vii.I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.viii.He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语
7、，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.You must stay at home. I might leave tomorrow.3.谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。考点1.
8、Get up early is good for our health.考点2.I want go home now.考点3.My favorite sport is play football.考点4.There is a bird sings in the tree.The boy sits over there likes singing.考点5.The house was built last year has been sold out.The girls are singing over there are my classmates.考点6.My parents wanted h
9、im work hard.考点7.I remember saw him that day.8. I saw him walked into the building.4.主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1._ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. Tasted B. Being tastedC. Tasting D. Having tasted2.The food _ delicious sells well.A. smells B. smelledC. smelling D. is smelling主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，
10、相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boycry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。5.逻辑上的主谓关系在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，“宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借
11、给他一些钱。判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)写作专练1.I want him to come at once. ( )写作专练2.He lent me some money. ( )写作专练3.He made the boy cry again. ( )写作专练4.The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )写作专练5.Dont leave the door open at night. ( )6.复合结构He invited us to come to the party.Its important for us
12、 to learn English well.Its very kind of you to help me.Toms coming late made our teacher angry7.没有人称和数的变化先看下列三组句中have、do和be的变化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人称的变化”是指：谓语动词用什么形
13、式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人）， be在第一人称I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为does, has。“数”是指“单数和复数”。“数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be用is, do和have要用does和has。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：He / I / We can swim.句子成分主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语
14、法结构：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。1During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2We often speak English in class.3One-third of the students in this class are girls.4To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5Smoking does
15、harm to the health.6The rich should help the poor.7When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8It is necessary to master a foreign language.9That he isnt at home is not true.改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因。He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was t
16、hat his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.1.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers
17、every day.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.2.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一
18、般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。a)Our teacher of English is an American. b)Is it yours? c)The weather has turned cold. d)The speech is exciting. e)Three times seven is twenty one.f)His job is to teach English.g)His ho
19、bby（爱好）is playing football. h)The machine must be under repairs. i)The truth is that he has never been abroad.3.宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the
20、old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.4.宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用下画线画出下列句中的宾语
21、补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your hom
22、ework done on time.5.主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。a)副词用作定语一般要后置。 P
23、eople there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）b)形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）c)介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John
24、.（我们班最高的那个男孩）d)现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。1The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.2The woman with a baby in her arms i
25、s his mother.3We need a place twice larger than this one.4She carried a basket full of eggs.5Its a book worth no more than one dollar.6Its a city far from the coast.7He has money enough to buy a car.8The man downstairs was trying to sleep.9There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in ou
26、r city.10Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.11A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.12He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.13There are many clothes to be washed. 14Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.15Then the great day came
27、when he was to march past the palace in the team.7.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个
28、句子用副词，作状语）几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can neve
29、r tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。I.How about meeting again at six? II.Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. III.Last night she didn
30、t go to the dance party because of the rain. IV.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V.She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. VII.To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. VIII.The boy needs a p
31、en very much. IX.The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 8.同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同
