1、句子成分定语从句名词性从句状语从句详解概要句子成分一 动词基本分类：1.实义动词包括及物（vt）和不及物 (vi) vt 直接带宾语 He likes English. Vi 不需带宾语 Did he come yesterday? 若要带宾语中间需加介词 He arrived at the airport .2. 连系动词 如：be/ look/sound/keep/taste/smell/taste/seem/become/turn/remain (依然)3. 助动词：本身无意义，要与实义动词组成谓语。如：do/does/will/would/have/has He has gone to
2、 Beijing. He will leave for Beijing.4情态动词： can/could/ may/might二 副词一般修饰动词/形容词/副词 基本分类：1 时间副词 now/ago/once/already 2 地点副词 here/downstairs/back /outside/ off 3 方式副词 carefully/fast/suddenly 4 程度副词 almost/very/so/much/deeply 5 频度副词 always/ usually/sometimes三 句子成分：构成句子的各个部分。A 主语- 可由以下表示：1 名词： American mu
3、sic has become more and more popular.2 代词：Who is the man standing over there?3 数词：One-third of the students are girls.4 不定式：To swim in the river is a great pleasure.= It is a great pleasure to swim in the river (It 是形式主语)5 动名词：Smoking does harm to the health.6 从句： When we are going to have the test
4、is clear.B. 谓语在句中一般由动词充当1.He practices running every morning.2.He has caught a cold.3.We may keep the book for two weeks. C. 表语一般位于系动词之后可由以下表示：1 代词：Is it yours/ It is mine.2 形容词：The weather has turned cold.3 分词：The teacher is pleased with my work.4 不定式： His job is to teach English.5 动名词：His hobby is
5、 playing football.D. 宾语一般位于Vt 或 介词之后可由以下表示：1 名词： He is going to buy a dictionary.2 代词：We should learn from him.3 不定式： He decided not to see me.4 动名词：He practices running every morning.分类：分为直接宾语（动作的承受者，通常指物）和间接宾语（动作所向的人或物，通常指人）He sent me a present.=He sent a present to me. (me 间宾/ a present 直宾)He bou
6、ght her a map= He bought a map for her. 有些Vt 如：make/have/get/let/find/call/see/notice/hear/watch除了跟有一个宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语来说明宾语的状态才能使句子完整。E. 宾语补足语可由以下表示：1 名词：His father named him Dongming.2 形容词：They painted their house white.3 不定式：You mustnt get him to lend your money./ We notice him enter the office.4. 分
7、词： I heard her singing this song. I had/got my bicycle repaird.5. 介词： Whenever you may go, you will find him at work. F. 定语是修饰名词或代词的词或短语或从句1 形容词： a beautiful city2 分词： a developing country= a country which is developing / a fallen tree= a tree which has fallen 3 代词： his progress4 不定式：He has a lot of
8、 work to finish. She has a chair to sit on 5 从句： Those who will go to the park will meet at the gate.G. 状语是修饰动词/形容词/副词,说明动作或状态的句子成分，在初中所学的范围一般由副词或一些短语表现。 They study hard. He was so sad. He speaks English quite well. He go to school on foot 四简单句的五个基本类型*句子分为简单句并列句复合句简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。Bot
9、h Tom and Jack enjoy music./ We sang and danced yesterday.分类：1 主语+系动词+表语 She felt very happy.2. 主语+Vi Winter is coming.3. 主语+Vt+宾语 He began learning music.4. 主语+Vt+双宾（间宾+直宾） He teaches us chemistry. She gave me a book.5. 主语+Vt+宾语+宾补 He found the man dead./ He likes to watch the boys playing football
10、.五并列句含有两个或更多的相互并列的主谓结构的句子，结构是：分句+并列连词+分句1. 同等概念 and/not onlybut also/ neithernor The boy not only passed the exam, but also got the high scores. = Not only did the boy pass the exam, but also got the high scores. ( Not only 开头的倒装句，前倒后不倒)2. 选择 or/otherwise (否则) Hurry up, or you will miss the bus. I m
11、ust work much harder, otherwise I cant catch up with the other classmates.3. 转折 but /while(但,强调对比)/however（后面接逗号） One cant see air, however, it does exist. Some experiments are difficult while others are easy.4. 因果 so/for/therefore I have to stay at home, for it is raining heavily outside. It was ra
12、ining, therefore we remained at home.5. 条件 祈使句+ and +主语+will do Work harder and you will succeed.= If you work harder, you will succeed. One more time and I will do it better= If I am given one more time , I will do it betterEx. 1.It is often said that the joy of traveling is _in arriving at your de
13、stination _in the journey itself. A. /; but B. /;or C. not;or D. not; but 2. I thought wed be later for the concert, _we ended up getting there ahead of time. A. but B. or C.so D. for 3. Help others whenever you can _you will make the world a nicer place to live in. A. and B. so C. but D. or 4. Id l
14、ike to study law at university _my cousin prefers geography. A. though B. as C. while D. for 5. He found it increasingly difficult to read, _his eyesight was beginning to fall. A. and B. for C. but D. or 6. I grew up in Africa, _at least I should say that I spent much of the first ten years of my li
15、fe there. A. and B. or C. so D. but 7. Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, _the way they actually are. A. as B. or C. but D. and 易混淆的it句型：It is /has been 时间段 since sb. did sth. 某人自从以来，已有It will (not) be 时间段 before sb. do sth. 要过多久/不久才It was 时间段 before sb. did
16、 sth 过了多久才It was not long before he sensed the danger of the situation.It will be half a year before you graduate from the school.It will not be long before they understand each other.It was 时间点 when sb. did sth. 当某人做时是It was 时间状语 that sb. did sth. Read the following sentences and translate them.It
17、is (has been) 4 months since the Beijing Olympics opened. It was 3 months since the Beijing Olympics had opened. It will be 3 months before the Beijing Olympics open. It was 3 months before the Beijing Olympics opened. It was August when Beijing Olympics opened. It was in August that Beijing Olympic
18、s opened. 定语从句Guide to Grammar在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句She is the girl who can speak English very well. 先行词 关系词A. 关系词-关系代词（who, whom, whose,which，that, as) 关系副词（when ,where, why)1 The woman is a teacher. The woman lives next door.The woman who/that lives next door is a teacher.2. Kevin is reading a b
19、ook. The book is too difficult for him. Kevin is reading a book which/that is too difficult for him.3. The book is on the shelf. You bought the book last year.The book (which/ that) you bought last year is on the shelf.4. I met him on the street. That man is your brother.That man (whom/who/that) I m
20、et on the street is your brother.5. It is about a big white shark. It attacks swimmers.It is about a big white shark which/that attacks swimmers.Ex. 填入 who/ whom/ that/ which 并做成分分析The boys _are playing football are from Class One. ( 语)The man _ you met just now is my teacher. ( )Plane is a machine
21、_ can fly. ( )This is the pen _ he bought yesterday. ( ) 6. I know the doctor. His daughter studies abroad.=I know the doctor whose daughter studies abroad.7. Have you seen my book? The books cover is red.= Have you seen my book whose cover is red?Ex.The student _father works in the factory is sitti
22、ng there.I like the rooms _windows face south.This is the desk _legs were broken. 关系代词指人和物时都用_, 表示先行词的所属关系,在定语从句中作定语,可理解为_8. This is the room./ Lu Xun once lived in the room.= This is the room (that/which) Luxun once lived in.=This is the room in which Luxun once lived.9. The person is Mr.Li./ You j
23、ust talked with him.=This person is Mr.Li (that/who/whom) You just talked with.=This person is Mr.Li with whom you just talked.结论： 介词+ which/ whom, 放在从句之前；若放在从句之后，关系代词可省略。 Ex. Do you know the person. I shook hands with that person.There wasnt a single person. She could turn to the person for help.Th
24、is is the book. I asked for the book.* This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。 look at, look for, look after, take care of等) 关系代词小结：1. that可指人，可指物, 作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 前面不能加介词。）2. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 若介词提前则不能省) 3. who指人, 作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 前面不能加介词。）4. whom 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾
25、语可省略, 若介词提前则不能省) 10. 只用that不用which的情况：1当先行词是不定代词，如all, everything, anything, nothing, much, few, little, none, the one等All that can be done has been done.I didnt want this recorder. I want the one that was borrowed yesterday.2先行词（指物的）被only, few, one of, little, no, all, every, very等词修饰时Theres no dif
26、ficulty that we cant overcome.Ive read all the books that can be borrowed here.This is the very movie that I want to see.3先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词的最高级修饰时This is the first letter that Ive written in English.She is the most careful girl that Ive ever known.4当先行词既有人又有物时They talked about the people
27、 and places that they had visited.5当主句是以who, which或what开头的特殊疑问句时Who is the man that is waiting at the school gate?Which is the car that ran over a dog yesterday? What did you see that made you so angry?Ex. 1. These are all the things_ I can get for you.2. The only thing _ I can do is to wait.3. I ca
28、n still remember the first toy _ my mother bought for me.4. They are the very things _ make us interested.5. We should care more about the people and the things _ are around us.注意划线部分的表达式11.The school at which/where I studied for only two years was three km. away.12. The parts of town in which/where
29、 they had to live were decided by white people.13.The day on which/when Nelson Mandela helped me was one of my happiest.14.However, this was a time during which/when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg.15. Do you know the reason for which/why he was late?= Do you know the reason?
30、/He was late for the reason.关系副词 when/ where/ why 小结；时间 when = in/at/on/during which 地点 where = at/in/on which 原因 why = for which1.when 在从句中作时间状语，先行词多为表时间的名词time,hour,morning,day,month等。2.where在从句中作地点状语，先行词多为表地点的名词place,house,school,country等。3.why 在从句中作原因状语，只跟在reason 后。* 关系代词和关系副词的选择使用。取决于从句中的谓语动词。若
31、及物动词后面无宾语，就要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要用关系副词。*当定语从句中缺主，宾，表，定语时，用关系代词；如定语从句中缺状语时，应用关系副词。Ex.when, where, why or which?1. I always remember the days _which/ that _ we spent together.2. I always remember the days _when_ we played together,3. I always remember the days _that/which_ are my familys birthday.4. Is this the school _where
