1、轻化工程专业实习报告轻化工程专业实习报告1 前言 1.1 实习目的 轻化工程专业实习是在学习染整工艺原理、染整工艺实验、染整工艺设备和染整工厂设计等专业课程的过程中，进行的实践教学环节。 学生通过实习将理论和实际联系起来，将课堂上学到的理论应用到生产第一线;了解生产过程中常用的染整机械以及产品性能的基本检测;同时了解企业的企业文化和基本的管理方法，为今后的工作做好准备。 1.2 实习要求: 1、 了解纺织和染整的基本过程。 2、 了解染整产品的类型、加工方法、工艺流程以及染整加工工艺的制定方法和内容。 3、 了解产品基本性能的初步检测以及行业的适用标准。 1.3 实习时间 此次实习从 开始至
2、结束，为期 2.实习内容 2.1实习公司简介 2.2生产工艺以及流程 纯棉织物的染整工艺流程的选择，主要是根据织物的品种、规格、成品要求等，一般可以分为练漂、染色、印花、整理等。 天然纤维都含有杂质，在纺织加工过程中又加入了各浆料、油剂和沾染的污物等，这些杂质的存在，既妨碍染整加工的顺利进行，也影响织物的服用性能。opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Y
3、uan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsi
4、bility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadershi
5、p, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions aga
6、inst them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsi
7、ble for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-8
8、9 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 练漂的目的是应用化学和物理机械作用，除去织物上的杂质，使织物洁白、柔软，具有良好的渗透性能，以满足服用要求，并为染色、印花、整理提供合格的半制品。 染色是借染料与纤维发生物理或化学的结合，或用化学方法在纤维上生成颜
9、料，使整个纺织品具有一定色泽的加工过程。织物染色的方法只要分为浸染和轧染。 印花是使用染料或颜料将花纹图案表现在纺织品上的加工方法。根据不同的印花工艺可以分为直接印花、防染印花、拔染印花三种。 棉织物整理包括机械和化学两个方面。前者有拉幅、轧光、电光、轧纹以及机械预缩整理等。后者有柔软整理，硬挺整理、增白整理以及防缩防皱整理等。需要整理的效果有颜色、手感、门幅、缩水、整理效果等。织物的整理效果主要是根据客户对成品的要求来进行的。 2.3主要实习内容 纯棉织物练漂加工的主要过程有:原布准备、烧毛、退浆、煮练、漂白、丝光。 原布准备:原布准备包括原布检验、翻布(分批、分箱、打印)和缝头。原布检验的
10、目的是检查坯布质量，发现问题能及时加以解决。检验内容包括物理指标和外观疵点两项。前者包括原布的长度、幅度、重量、经纬纱线密度和密度、强力等，后者如纺疵、织疵、各种班渍及破损等。通常抽查总量的10%左右。原布检验后，必须将原布分批、分箱，并在布头上打印，标明品种、加工工艺、批号、箱号、发布日期和翻布人代号，以便于管理。为了确保连续成批的加工，必须将原布加以缝接。 opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person
11、in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have th
12、e corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the res
13、ponsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-10
14、0 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted
15、 as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quali
16、ty rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 烧毛:烧毛的目的在于烧去布面上的纤毛，使布面光洁美观，并防止在染色、印花时因绒毛存在而产生染色不匀及印花疵病，提高布面平整效果。织物烧毛是将织物平幅快速通过高温火焰，
17、或擦过赤热的金属表面，这时布面上存在的绒毛很快升温，并发生燃烧，而布身比较紧密，升温较慢，在未升到着火点时，即已离开了火焰或赤热的金属表面，从而达到烧去绒毛，又不操作织物的目的。 烧毛的工艺流程为:进布架剥边整纬刷毛箱烧毛机(一正一反)-出布 退浆:印染厂为了顺利的织布，往往对经纱上浆以提高强力和耐磨性。坯布上的浆料即影响织物的吸水性能，还影响染整产品的质量，且会增加染化药品的消耗，故在煮练前应先去除浆料，这个过程叫退浆。棉织物上的浆料可采用碱退浆、酶退浆、酸退浆和氧化剂退浆等方法，将其从织物上退除。碱退浆使浆料膨化，与纤维粘着力下降，经水洗从织物上退除。酶、酸、氧化剂使淀粉降解，在水中溶解度
18、增大，经水洗退除。由于酸、氧化剂对棉纤损伤大，很少单独使用，常与酶退浆、碱退浆联合使用。 煮练:棉纤维生长时，有天然杂质(果胶质、蜡状物质、含氮物质等)一起伴生。棉织物经退浆后，大部分浆料及部分天然杂质已被去除，但还有少量的浆料以及大部分天然杂质还残留在织物上。这些杂质的存在，使绵织布的布面较黄，渗透性差。同时，由于有棉籽壳的存在，大大影响了棉布的外观质量。故需要将织物在高温的浓碱液中进行较长时间的煮练，以去除残留杂质。煮练是利用烧碱和其他煮练助剂与果胶质、蜡状物质、含氮物质、棉籽壳发生化学降解反应或乳化作用、膨化作用等，经水洗后使杂质从织物上退除。 漂白:棉织物经煮练后，由于纤维上还有天然色
19、素存在，其外观不够洁白，opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan.
20、 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injur
21、y accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occur
22、s, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting
23、 in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction stand
24、ards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for co
25、nstruction and acceptance of field equipment 4 用以染色或印花，会影响色泽的鲜艳度。漂白的目的就在于去除色素，赋于织物必要的和稳定的白度，而纤维本身则不受显著的损伤。棉织物常用的漂白方法有次氮酸钠法、双氧水法和亚氯酸钠法。次氯酸钠漂白的漂液PH值为10左右，在常温下进行，设备简单，操作方便、成本低，但对织物强度损伤大，白度较低。双氧水漂白的漂液PH值为10，在高温下进行漂白，漂白织物白度高而稳定，手感好，还能去除浆料及天然杂质。缺点是对设备要求高，成本较高。在适当条件下，与烧碱联合，能使退浆、煮练、漂白一次完成。亚氯酸钠漂白的漂液PH值为4,4.5
26、，在高温下进行，具有白度好，对纤维损伤小的优点，但漂白时易产生有毒气体，污染环境，腐蚀设备，设备需要特殊的金属材料制成，故在应用上受到一定限制。次氯酸钠和亚氯酸钠漂白后都要进行脱氯，以防织物在存在过程中因残氯存在而受损。 丝光:丝光是指棉织物在室温或低温下，在经纬方向上都受到张力的情况下，用浓的烧碱溶液处理，以改善织物性能的加工过程。棉织物经过丝光后，由于纤维膨化，纤维纵向天然扭转消失，横截面成椭圆形，对光的反向更有规律，因而增进了光泽。纤维无形定区的增加，使染色时染料的上染率增加。取向度的提高，使织物强力增加，同时还有定形作用。丝光后，一定要采用冲吸去碱或蒸箱去碱，或平洗地去碱等方法充分去碱
27、，直至织物呈中性。 丝光工艺的流程为:进布透风架浸轧碱液绷布透风浸轧碱液预洗布铗扩幅冲洗(四冲五吸)-重轧4格水洗过酸槽(HAc)-烘干落布。 3.个人小结 opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on th
28、e job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 12 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be br
29、ought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the pers
30、onnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false,
31、to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions
32、, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for g
33、rade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance
