新世纪大学英语综合教程第三册课文原文.docx
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新世纪大学英语综合教程第三册课文原文.docx
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新世纪大学英语综合教程第三册课文原文
Unit1Whatisfriendship?
MicheleEDoyle&MarkKSmith
Whatweapproachthenotionoffriendship,ourfirstproblemisthatthereisalackofsociallyacknowledgedcriteriaforwhatmakesapersonafriend.Inonesetting,wemaydescribesomeoneasafriend;inanother,thelabelmayseemlessappropriate.Therefore,peopletendtohavethinunderstandingofwhatfriendshipreallymeans.Tohelpusunderstandwhatfriendshipreallymeans,weneedtoreviewsomeclassicalviewoffriendship.
OneclassicalviewoffriendshipisprovidedbyAristotle,thefamousancientGreekphilosopher.Aristotledistinguishesbetweenwhathebelievestogenuinefriendshipsandtwootherforms:
onebasedonmutualusefulness,theotherforms:
onebasedonmutualusefulness,theotheronpleasure.So,accordingtoAristotle,wemayfindthreekindsoffriendship:
Friendshipbasedonutility.Utilityisanimpermanentthing:
itchangesaccordingtocircumstances.Whenthegroundforfriendshipdisappears,thefriendshipalsobreaksup.Friendshipsofthiskindseemtooccurmostfrequentlybetweentheelderly,becauseattheiragewhattheywantisnotpleasurebututility.Friendshipbasedonutilityarealsofrequentlyfoundamongthoseinmiddleorearlylifewhoarepursuingtheirownadvantage.Suchpersonsdonotspendmuchtimetogether,becausesometimestheydonotspendmuchtimetogether,becausesometimestheydonotevenlikeoneanother,andthereforefeelnoneedofsuchanassociationunlesstheyaremutuallyuseful.Theytakepleasureineachother’scompanyonlyinsofarastheyhavehopesofadvantagefromit.
Friendshipbasedonpleasure.Friendshipbetweentheyoungisthoughttobegroundedonpleasure,becausethelivesoftheyoungareregulatedbytheirfeelings,andtheirchiefinterestsareintheirownpleasureandtheopportunityofthemoment.Astheygrowup,however,theirtasteschangetoo,sothattheyarequicktomakeandtobreakfriendships.Thatiswhytheyfallinandoutoffriendshipquickly,changingtheirattitudeoften,evenwithinthesaneday.
Friendshipbasedongoodness.Perfectfriendshipisbasedongoodness.Onlythefriendshipofthosewhoaregoodandsimilarintheirgoodness,isperfect.Theconductofgoodmenisthesameorsimilar.Itisbetweengoodmenthatbothloveandfriendshiparechieflyfoundandhighestform.Suchfriendshipsarerareandtheyneedtimeandintimacy;forassayinggoes,truefriendsmustgothroughtrialsandtribulationstogether.Andnotwopersonscanaccepteachotherandbecomefriendsuntileachhasprovedtotheotherthatheisworthyoflove,andsowonhisstrust.Thewishforfriendshipmaydeveloprapidly,buttruefriendshipdoesnot.
AnotherclassicalviewoffriendshipcanbefoundinthewritingsofCicero,anancientRomanstatesmanandorator.AccordingtoCicero,truefriendshipisonlypossiblebetweengoodmen.Hefurtherdefines“thegood”as“thosewhoseactionsandlivesleavenoquestionastotheirhonor,purity,equity,andwhohavethecourageoftheirconvictions.”Thefriendshipbetweengoodmen,basedonvirtue,doesoffermaterialbenefits,butdoesnotseekthem.Allhumanbeingsarebondedtogetherinacommunityofsharedreason.Therefore,infriendshipandrelationships,thosewhopossessanysuperioritymustregardthemselvesasequalsofthosewhoarelessfortunate.Itisvirtuethatandpreservestruefriendship.
Thus,wemayseethatthetraditionalideaoffriendshipismadeupofthreecomponents:
Friendsmustenjoyeachother’scompany;theymustbeusefultooneanother;andtheymustshareacommitmenttothegood.Accordingtotheclassicalviews,virtuousfriendsareboundtogether,astheyrecognizeeachother’smoralexcellence.Toperceiveafriend,therefore,istoperceiveoneself;andtoknowafriendistoknowoneself.Eachcanbesaidtoprovideamirrorinwhichtheothermayseehimself.Throughnetworksofsuchvirtuousfriends,wecandevelopasharedideaofgoodandpursueittogether.Friendshipofthiskindispermanent,becauseinitareunitedtheattributesthatfriendsoughttopossess.
Unit2HowDeepIsYourLove?
MansiBhatia
Lovetosomeislikeacloud
Tosomeasstrongassteel
Forsomeawayofliving
Forsomeawaytofeel
Andsomesayloveisholdingon
Andsomesayletitgo
Andsomesayloveiseverything
Somesaytheydon'tknow
Atsomestageortheotherinourlivesweexperienceanemotionwhichdefiesdefinition.It'safeelingthatcanonlybefeltandnotdescribed.Anoverwhelmingjoythatcomestogetherwithitsshareofsadness.Love.
Giventhebusynatureofourlives,it'stobeappreciatedthatweevenfindthetimetoindulgeinmattersoftheheart.ButatthesametimeIwonderifweevenunderstanditstruedepth.Irememberhavingcountlesscrusheswhileinschool.Mymathteacher,ourneighbour'sson,mybestfriend'sbrotherandlotsofotherswhomIfanciedforthecolouroftheireyes,theshapeoftheirmoustachesorjustthewaytheywalked.Harmlesspuppylovesthatareasbriefassoapbubbles.Icanlaughaboutallthosesillyandadventurousthoughtsandactsnowbutatthattimenothingcouldbemoreseriousanaffairforme.Thencamethestageofrealrelationships.
Beinginanallgirls'schoolIhardlyhadtheopportunitytointeractwithmembersoftheoppositegender.Socialsbetweenourschoolandtheboys'college,therefore,wouldbeawaitedanxiously.Thosethreehoursofunhesitantattentionbyagroupofwell-groomedyounggentlemenprovideduswithenoughcontenttotalkandfeelexcitedaboutforthenextfourweeks.
Andeventhentherewasnorealneedofhavingaboyfriend.
Isomehowgrewupbelievingthatlovewouldhappenwhenithadto.Andsureenoughitdid.ItcameatanagewhenIhadacareer,along-termplanandamoreorlesssettledlife(andnowIamnotyet25!
).Iwasmatureenoughtoenterarelationshipwhichdemandsalotofgiveandnotsomuchoftake.
LovewasamagnificentbuildingIbuiltonthefoundationoffriendship.Ittooktimetoblossom.Ittookalotofunderstanding,loadsofsharingandcaring,andplentyofaffectiontobecomewhatitistoday.Anditmeantameetingofminds.YoumightsaythatIbelongtothetraditionalschoolofromance.Butinmyopinion,loveneedstobenurtured.Andithastobedistinguishedfromtheintensebutshort-livedloveorthepleasuresoftheflesh.
Ourparents'generationwasfedlavishlywithideals.Itwasaneraofconstraints,restraints,respect,admiration,andplentyofromance.Thelongskirts,thequietandunpretentiouslooks,thecurledlonghair,thecalmness,theshyglance—theseareallsofrequentlyremindfulofabygoneera.Anagewhenthedistancebetweenthesexessomehowmanagedtohelppreservetheholinessofloveandrelationships.
Theyoungergeneration,withitsopennessandfadinglinesofproximity,hasjumpedonthebandwagonoflovewithsomuchhastethatitisdifficultforthemtodistinguishbetweenphysicalattractionandmentalcompatibilities.Whatwehavebeenexposedtoviathemediahavefastpacedoursensibilitiessomuchthattakingthingsslowrequireseffortonourparts.
Iamsorrytolearnaboutthekindofemotionalbaggageschoolkidsarecarryinginwhatarepurelyunemotionalrelationships.Somemightblamethecurrentstateofaffairsonpeerpressure.Buthasanyoneeverstoppedtofigureoutwherethispeerpressureoriginates?
Doanyofustryandunderstandwhoisresponsibleforthisshift?
Doesanyonebothertostudythestateofmindoftheteenagers?
Themindsetofthisgenerationisalltooevidentinthewayithandlesitspersonallife.Therearemorerelationshipsbeingdistortedunderthepressuresoflustthaneverbefore.Thereismorefocusonphysicalbeautythanoninnercharm.Thereismoreofclosenessandlessofintimacy.Thereismoreofpassionandlessofemotion.Thereismoreofacquiringandlessofsharing.Thereismoreofopportunismandlessofselflessness.Inshort,thereismoreofMEandlessofUS.
Wehavehardenedourselvessomuchinthiscompetitiveagethatwehaveforgottentheessenceofrelationships.There'smuchmoretobeingsomeone'sloverthangiftingthemredrosesandfifty-centcards.Whataboutgiftingourobjectofaffection,ourtime,ourcompany,oursupport,ourfriendship?
Whataboutsettingprioritiesinourlivesandfocusingoneachwithsincerity?
Whatabouttryingtobeself-sufficientemotionallybeforelettingourselvesloose?
Whataboutgivingourselves,andothers,timeandspacetoforgerelationships?
Whataboutworkingtowardsmeaningfulandlastingfriendships?
Whatabouthonouringourcommitments?
Whataboutchannelingourenergiesandemotionstowardsbuildinglifelongbondsratherthanwastingthemonseasonalrelationships?
Wehavebutonelifeandwemustexperienceeverythingthatcanmakeusstronger.Truelovehappensonceinalifetime.Andweshouldnothavebecomesotiredbyourfrivolousactsthatwhenitcomeswearen'tabletoreceiveitwithopenarms.
Unit3ThePursuitofHappinessfortheCommonGood
RichardLayard
Overthelast50years,weinthewesthaveenjoyedunparalleledeconomicgrowth.Wehavebetterhomes,cars,holidays,jobs,educationandaboveallhealth.Accordingtostandardeconomictheory,thisshouldhavemadeushappier.Butsurveysshowotherwise.WhenBritonsorAmericansareaskedhowhappytheyare,theyreportnoimprovementoverthelast50years.Morepeoplesufferfromdepression,andcrime—anotherindicatorofdissatisfaction—isalsomuchhigher.
Thesefactschallengemanyoftheprioritieswehavesetourselvesbothassocietiesandasindividuals.Thetruthisthatweareinasituationpr
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