Linguistics Key to Exercises for Lecture 1.docx
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Linguistics Key to Exercises for Lecture 1.docx
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LinguisticsKeytoExercisesforLecture1
KeytoExercisesforLecture1Introduction
I.
1.By‘scientific’ismeantlinguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.
2.Inhisstudyofalanguagealinguistusuallytriestocollectandobservelanguagefacts,makegeneralizations,formulatehypotheses,andfullyprovethevalidityofthesehypotheses.
3.Generallinguisticsdealswiththestudyoflanguageasawhole.
4.Generallinguisticsstudiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy,incontrasttothosebranchesofstudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.
5.Thedifferencebetweengenerallinguisticsandalinguisticbranchsuchassemanticsliesinthefactthatgenerallinguisticsstudieslanguageasawhole,whereasalinguisticbranchsuchassemanticsdealswiththeparticulararea.Forinstance,semanticsstudiestheparticularaspectoflanguage,ormeaning.
6.Linguisticsincludesphonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,psycholinguistics,andappliedlinguisticsandsoon.
7.Therearedifferentindependentbranchesoflinguisticsbecauselanguageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacets,soitishardlypossibleforthelinguiststodealwithitallatonce.Theyhavetoconcentrateononeaspectofitatatime.
8.Phoneticsisthestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.
9.Phonologydealswithhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.
10.Morphologyisthestudyofthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.
11.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesofthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages.
12.Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.
13.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontextoflanguageuse.
14.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyofthesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsociety.
15.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationoflanguagetopsychology.
16.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Butinanarrowsenseappliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
17.Descriptivelinguisticsisalinguisticstudywhichaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
18.Prescriptivelinguisticsisalinguisticstudywhichaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.
19.Modernlinguisticsismainlydescriptive.
20.Theaimofprescriptivelinguisticsistolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,ortosetmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.
21.Thetaskofmodernlinguisticistodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.
22.Thedifferencebetweenprescriptiveanddescriptivelinguisticsisthatprescriptivelinguisticsistolaydownrulesforlanguageusers,whereasdescriptivelinguisticsistodescribethelanguagephenomenaastheyare.Therefore,theformerissubjective,whilethelatterisobjectiveandmorescientific.
23.Modernlinguisticsissupposedtobeobjective,becauseitaimstodescribelanguageasitis.
24.Synchroniclinguisticsisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.
25.Diachroniclinguisticsisthedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Itisalsotermedhistoricallinguistics.
26.Thedifferencebetweensynchronicanddiachroniclinguisticsisthattheformerdealswithlanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory,whilethelatteroveraperiodoftime.
27.Modernlinguisticsfavorssynchronicapproachbecauseitislessdifficultandconcernedwiththecurrentexistenceoflanguage.
28.Thetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunicationarespeechandwriting.
29.Modernlinguisticsregardsasprimaryspeech,orthespokenlanguage.
30.F.deSaussureisregardedasthefounderofmodernlinguistics.
31.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Itisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.
32.Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules,orthenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.
33.Langueistheabstractlinguisticsystemwhereasparoleisconcreteandistherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisrelativelystable,whileparolevariesfrompersontopersonandfromsituationtosituation.
34.AccordingtoChomsky,competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
35.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationoftheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.
36.N.Chomskyproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.
37.NoamChomskyisanAmericanlinguist,whoisfamousforhissyntacticstudiesallovertheworld,andwhofocusesontheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
38.Saussure’slangueandparoleandChomsky’scompetenceandperformancedifferinthattheformertakesasociologicalviewoflanguage,whereasthelatterapsychologicalperspective.
39.Thedifferencebetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguisticsisthattraditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,thattraditionalgrammartendedtoemphasizetheimportanceofwritingwhilemodernlinguisticsgivesprioritytospeech,andthattraditionalgrammarforcedlanguagesintoaLatin-basedframeworkwhilemodernlinguisticsdoesnot.
40.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
41.AccordingtoSapir,languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.
42.AccordingtoHall,languageis‘theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditorysymbols.’
43.AccordingtoChomsky,languageis‘aset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.’
44.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
45.Productivityreferstothefactthatlanguagemakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers,whichiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Thisfeatureisuniquetohumanlanguage.
46.Displacementisthepropertythatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Thisfeatureprovidesspeakerswithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.
47.Doublearticulationreferstothedualityofstructure,thefactthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.
II.
Identifywhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).
1.Linguisticsisthesystematicstudyoflanguage.
True.
2.Linguisticsdealswithaparticularlanguage.
False.
Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.English,Chinese,Russian,Arabic,andLatin,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral.
3.Linguisticsisscientificbecauseitishelpfultolanguageuse.
False.
Linguisticsisscientificbecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.
4.Thetaskofalinguististodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem.
True.
5.Linguisticsisgenerallydividedintogeneralandspecificlinguistics.
False.
Wehavegenerallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.Wedonothavespecificlinguistics.
6.Generallinguisticsdealswiththegeneralaspectsoflanguageapplication.
False.
Generallinguisticsdealswithlanguageasawhole,notwithlanguageapplicationinparticular.
7.Generallinguisticsdoesnotstudytheoriesoflanguage.
False.
Generallinguisticsdoesstudytheoriesoflanguage.
8.Phoneticsstudieshumansoundpatterningandthemeaningofsoundsincommunication.
False.
Phoneticsstudiesthewayhumansoundsareproduced.
9.Phonologystudieshowasoundisproduced.
False.
Phonologystudieshumansoundpatterningandthemeaningofsoundsincommunication.
10.Morphologyisthestudyofsentences.
False.
Morphologyisthestudyoftherulesofwordformation.
11.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesofwords.
False.
Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesofthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages.
12.Semanticsisthestudyofwordmeaning.
False.
Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.
13.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontextoflanguageuse.
True.
14.Sociolinguisticsdealswiththerelationbetweenlanguageandsociety.
True.
15.Psycholinguisticsdealswiththerelationoflanguagetopsychology.
True.
16.Appliedlinguisticsm
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