The rise of Greek civilization.docx
- 文档编号:10466571
- 上传时间:2023-05-26
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:14
- 大小:27.94KB
The rise of Greek civilization.docx
《The rise of Greek civilization.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《The rise of Greek civilization.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
TheriseofGreekcivilization
TheriseofGreekcivilization
Inallofhistory,mostpeoplefeelamazingordifficulttoexplainthanthesuddenriseofGreekcivilization.MostofwhatconstitutesMesopotamiancivilizationhasexistedforthousandsofyearsinEgyptandcord,andfromtherespreadtotheneighborhoodcountries.Butwhichhasalwaysbeenthelackofcertainfactors,untiltheGreeksthattheyprovideit.Greeksachievementsinliteratureandartiswellknown,buttheircontributioninthefieldofpureknowledgemadeevenmoreextraordinary.Theypioneeredthemathematics,①scienceandphilosophy;theyfirstwrotefrompurechronologyofthehistorybook;theyarefreetoponderthepurposeoflifeandtheworldofnature,withoutanyinheritedorthodoxyflailSuobound.Everythingthathappensissoamazingthatuntilrecenttimes,peoplestillmeetinamazingandmysterioustalkingabouttheGreekgenius.ButnowithasbeenpossibletousetheconceptofsciencetounderstandthedevelopmentofGreece,anditreallyworthtodosoalso.
Thalesphilosophyfromthebeginning,hepredictedaneclipse,soweareveryfortunatetobeabletodeterminebasedonthisfacthisage;Astronomerssaidtheeclipseappearedin585BC.Originally,regardlessofphilosophyandscience,sotheyareborntogetherintheearlysixthcenturyBC.Inthepast,Greeceanditsneighborswhathadhappenedthings?
Anyanswersarenecessarilyspeculativeinpart,butarcheologyinthiscenturyhasgivenustheknowledgealreadymasteredthanourancestorstobealotmore.
InEgypt,abouttheinventionofwritingaround4000BCinBabylonnottoolatetoo.Twocharactersarepictographicdrawingsfromthestart.Thesepicturesquicklyontheconvention,whichisknowingtheliteralwordstoexpress,likeChina,ascurrentlystillprevailing.Inthethousandsofyearsoftheprocess,thiscomplicatedsystemdevelopedintophonetictext.
EgyptandMesopotamiadevelopmentofearlycivilizationwasduetotheNile,theTigrisandEuphrates,theyweresoeasyandabundantagriculturalproduction.DivinekingthesecivilizationsinmanywaysabitliketheSpaniardsfoundinMexicoandPerucivilization,thereisapowerwithadespotic;inEgypt,helicensedtheentireland.Thereisapolytheistic,polytheismofthekingandthissupremegodhasaspecialintimacy.Militaryaristocracy,butalsopriestaristocracy.Ifthemonarchweakorunfavorablewar,priestsareoftenabletohumiliationroyalnobility.Cultivatorsoflandwereserfs,belongingtotheking,noblesorpriests.
EgyptianandBabyloniantheologytheologyisquitedifferent.ThemainconcernisthedeathoftheEgyptians,andtheybelievethatthesoulofthedeceasedtoentertheunderworld,where,accordingtotheirlifestyleOsiristojudgethemontheground.Theythinkthatthesoulwilleventuallycomebackinsidethebody;Thiscreatesamummyandaluxurioustombbuilding.Pyramidsis4000BCand3000yearendleafleaveswerebuiltbykings.Afterthisperiod,Egyptiancivilizationbecamemoreandmorerigid,andthereligiousconservatismmakesprogressimpossible.Whenabout1800BC,EgyptwasknownastheHyksospeopleconqueredbytheSumerians,whoruledEgyptabouttwocenturies.TheydidnotleavealastingmarkinEgypt,buttheyappearheretohelpEgyptiancivilizationmusthavebeenspreadinSyriaandPalestine.
Babylon'shistorywithmoremilitaristicthantheEgyptianmilitantnature.TheinitialrulingwasnotSemiticrace,but"Somaeven"people,theoriginofsuchapersonwedonotknow.Theyinventedcuneiform,conquerorofSemiticisfromherethattheyreceivedthecuneiform.Therewasatime,therearemanyindependentcity-statesfighteachother;butintheendBabylondominate,andestablishedanempire.OthercityofGodbecomesasubsidiaryofGod,andGodofBabylonwillgetMalGovernorgramslikethekindofstatusamongtheGreekgodsZeusandlateroccupied.Egyptalsoappearedinthesamesituation,onlymuchearliertime.EgyptianandBabylonianreligionjustasotherancientreligions,isakindofreproductiveperformanceoriginallyworship.Earthisnegative,whilethesunispositive.BullsaregenerallyconsideredpositivereproductiveperformanceoftheIncarnation,Godisverycommoncattle.InBabylon,theearthgoddessIshtargoddessamongthepublicisparamount.The"greatmother"inthewholeofWestAsiainavarietyofdifferentnamesandworshiped.WhenGreekcolonistsinAsiaMinorwhenthebuildingofthehouseforher,theycalledherArtemisandtheoriginalliturgicalacceptedover.Thisisthe"EphesiansDiAna"①origin.ChristiantookhertransformedintotheVirginMary,buttoEphesusreligiousconferencebeforetheprovisionsofthe"NotreDame"thistitleaddtoourgodmother.
Aslongasareligionandacombinationofimperialgovernmentinapoliticalmotivationwouldsignificantlychangethereligionofprimitivelook.Amalegodoragoddessandthecountrywillbelinkednotonlytoensurehisharvest,butalsotoensurevictory.Wealthypriestlyritualprescribedasetofteachingandtheology,andthevariouscomponentsofsomeofGod'sempirearearrangedinapantheon.
ThroughcontactwiththegovernmentofGodandmoralitywillhavecontact.LegislatorsfromGodacceptedtheircode,thusbreakingthelawisblasphemy.TheoldestknownCodexnowisaround2100BC,theBabylonianking罕姆拉thanCodex;kingdeclaredthiscodexisdeliveredbyMullGovernorgramstohim.Throughoutancienttimes,thislinkbetweenmoralityandreligionbecomeincreasinglyclose.BabylonianreligionandreligioninEgyptisdifferent,itismoreconcernedwithearthlyhappinessandprosperityratherthantheafterlife.Witchcraft,divinationandastrology,thoughnotpeculiartoBabylon,butinmoredevelopedherethaninotherplaces,andmainlytheydidinthelateantiquitygainedtheirstatusbyBabylon.FromBabylonalsohandeddownsomethingsbelongtoscience:
thedayinto24hours,thecircumferenceisdividedinto360degrees;andthediscoveryofeclipsescycle.Thisallowsthemtoaccuratelypredictlunareclipses,andcansomehowprobabilitytopredicteclipses.Babylonthisknowledge,wewillseebelow,Thalesisobtainedfor.
EgyptianandMesopotamiancivilizationsagriculturalcivilization,andcivilizationaroundthenation'sfirstcivilizationisanimalhusbandry.Commercialdevelopmentatfirstalmostentirelyatsea,withthecommercialdevelopmentontheemergenceofanewfactor.Untilabout1000BC,bronzeweaponsormanufactured,somecountriesdonothavetheirownonthemainlandthisessentialmetal,theyhaveengagedintradeorpirateplunderinordertoobtainthem.Piratesplunderjustatemporaryexpedient,butinthesocialandpoliticalconditionsfairlystableplace,businesswouldbeconsideredtobemoreprofitable.Onthecommercialside,Creteseemstobeapioneer.Abouttenacentury,wecansayfrom2500BCto1400BC,Cretehadexistedonanarthighlyadvancedculture,itiscalledminoxidilculture.Cretanartgivesrelicsinajoyous,almostdecadentluxuryimpression,andTempleterrifyinggloomthatEgyptisverydifferent.
Onthisimportantcivilization,SirArthurEvansandotherMorohitoexcavationsago,itisalmostunknown.Itisamaritimenationofcivilization,maintainingclosecontactwithEgypt(exceptageHyksosdominationistheexception).ItisclearfromthepictureinEgypt,CretesailorsbetweenEgyptandCretebeenconsiderablebusiness,thisbusinessaboutwhenaround1500BC,reacheditspeak.ReligionseemstoCreteandAsiaMinorandSyriasharethesamereligiouspointofmany,butintheartsandthesamepointoftheEgyptiansomemore,thoughCretanartisveryingenious,andisfullthatcanbesurprisingvitality.CenterMinoanKnossosiscalledthe"CaminoPalace",thelegendaryClassicalGreekhasbeencirculatinginitsrecall.Creteisextremelymagnificentpalaces,butabouttheendofthefourteenthcenturyBCwasdestroyed,perhapsbyGreekinvadersdestroyed.Cretehistoricalchronology,fromtheEgyptianartifactsfoundinCreteandCreteartifactsfoundinEgyptandinferred;allourknowledgeisrelyingonarchaeologicalevidence.
Cretansworshipedagoddess,perhapsseveralgoddesses.Themostunequivocalgoddessisthe"mistressofanimals,"sheisahuntress,perhapstheoriginoftheclassicalArtemis①.Sheoranothergoddess,isalsoamother;inaddition,"theanimalmanofthehouse"outside,onlymaleGodisherminoritycarrier.ThereisevidencethatthepeopleofCreteisthebeliefinlifeafterdeath,asinEgypt,likefaiththatafterdeath,duringhislifetimeastheyaresubjecttopunishment.Butingeneral,fromCreteartisticpointofview,itseemsthattheyarehappypeople,andhavenotbeengloomysuperstitiongreatoppression.Theylikebullfighting,bullfightingwhenfemalefightersandmalefightersperformamazingstunts,likesurface.Bullfightingisareligiousceremony,SirArthurEvans,whothoughtbullfightingamongthehighestnobility.Handeddownpictureisveryvividandlifelike.
Cretanshadalineartext,butnoonecanidentify.Theyareinthecountryispeaceful,andtheircitieswithoutwalls;theycertainlyaresubjecttotheprotectionofseapower.
BeforethedestructionofcivilizationCamino,aboutwhenaround1600BC,itspreadtotheGreekmainland,thecontinentexperiencedagradualdegenerationofthestageuntil900BCsofar.ThismainlandcivilizationiscalledtheMycenaeancivilization;itisduetotheemperor'stombexcavationandexcavationonthehilltopfortressandwasfound,indicatingthattheyaremoreafraidoftheislandBikelitewar.MausoleumandfortressclassicalGreekimaginationalwaysgaveastrongimpression.Palacemo
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- The rise of Greek civilization